Globalization and Human Resource Management

Perspectives on Human Resource Management

The main directions in which human resource management will develop in the coming years are the following:

The transition of managers to international standards in your work;

Solving problems related to the introduction of ethical aspects in the work of personnel management;

Implementation of a policy of equal opportunities;

Expansion of participation of employees in decision-making, focus on delegation of authority;

Accounting in management practice of demographic changes, changes in the structure of the labor force, an increase in the number of part-time workers.

All the noted trends indicate the enrichment of the personnel management function in the foreseeable future and the increase in its importance in management as a whole, which in turn leads to an increase in the role of science that studies and constructs this most important area of ​​management activity.

The globalization of the economy, namely its transformation into a single interconnected system, is an obvious characteristic of the beginning of the 21st century. Already by the 90s of the last century, almost 30% of the global gross product was produced by joint ventures, and today this figure is approaching 40%. The globalization of markets requires an in-depth study of the success factors of multinational enterprises in the face of increased international competition. For the effective management of these enterprises and their organizational culture and by choosing the right strategy, human resources are of great importance.

Today, without understanding the essence of globalization, it is difficult to be an effective manager, to accept strategic decisions, look for schemes of sound personnel management. The globalization of economic activity has a direct impact on the business sector, where time is running complicated weaving process business cultures and training of specialists for work in international companies. Companies must take into account the approach, values, expectations, perceptions and typical behaviors of employees from different cultures. The success (or failure) of companies operating in the global market is increasingly determined by whether they managed to create an effective personnel management system, eliminate friction in relations between employees (managers and subordinates) of different nationalities, with different cultural traditions.

Globalization suggests that the boundaries between different cultures should gradually be erased, they should adapt to one another. In practice, everything turns out to be far from being so simple: there are serious obstacles on this path, associated with the peculiarities of legislation, traditions, customs and, finally, climatic conditions. The manager of the 21st century must have significantly more international experience than managers had after the Second World War.

Cultural diversity will require managers to have a deeper understanding of ethnic and religious characteristics, family values ​​and national subcultural phenomena. New requirements for managers are associated with global strategies and approaches to managing a diverse workforce. The evolution of a business from predominantly domestically oriented to globally granular will require new thinking and management skills.

Management in different cultures involves the study of the behavior of individuals in organizations around the world. The new global manager should think more globally. This will require a change in the mindset of the manager. Managers working in a globally changing environment need to have a proper knowledge of international relations and foreign markets. But more importantly, it is not only the acquisition of language skills, but also the study of cultures and cultural differences.

It is important to note that the process of globalization and liberalization of the world economy has not only positive, but also negative sides However, the reality is that globalization is an objective and completely inevitable phenomenon of modernity, which can be slowed down by means of economic policy, but cannot be stopped.

In the context of globalization, one of the main patterns of the entire market economy is even more clearly and on a large scale: not a single company, whether small, medium, large or largest, not a single country, regardless of its level of development and size, not a single region or regional grouping, occupy some permanent, permanently fixed place for them in the world economy. This is the case, for example, in one of the highly globalized industries, pharmaceuticals. The leading positions are occupied by European companies, but global competitiveness requires constant attention and constant struggle, constant improvement of quality and development of innovations, and therefore highly professional staff.

11. Public administration in the context of globalization

Transformation of control systems.

The transformation of management systems that is unfolding in the world plays a special role in the fierceness of international competition. The spread of technologies for the formation of consciousness has undermined the effectiveness of public and corporate systems management. Their common vices were self-programming, detachment from reality, focus on propaganda instead of solving real problems, and isolation from society. However, the challenge posed by him by the technologies of consciousness formation at least a decade ago could not remain unanswered and has already given rise to a desire to restore the internal integrity of a controlled society, at least in terms of certain significant parameters. This desire gives rise to strengthening the processes of delegating responsibility and shifting the attention of management science from the transformation of traditional pyramidal organizational structures to the construction of independent network structures. The management of the latter is carried out not so much by direct influences as by changes in the environment of their functioning (primarily the information and financial components of this environment).

The ultimate expression of this trend is attempts to develop a theory of heuristic control (as opposed to the usual one based on formal logic). At the same time, it cannot be ruled out that, along with the conscious improvement of people's management systems, their spontaneous evolution takes place as certain entities, the elements of which are the officials that form them and, not necessarily, the managed structures. The analogies between the functioning of organizations and living organisms are quite obvious and reinforce the fact that many effective actions of organizations that ensure the achievement of their goals are not realized not only by employees, but even by the leaders of these organizations.

Acceptance of the hypothesis about the formation in organizations (and even more so in societies) of a transpersonal "collective mind" suggests that the spread of technologies for the formation of consciousness is not a challenge to it, but a means of increasing its efficiency, an important stage in its self-development. In this case, outdated control technologies that do not correspond to these technologies will be swept away not simply because of their inefficiency, but as fetters that prevent the self-realization of the collective mind. The speed of their replacement by new management technologies that not only remain effective in the conditions of mass and chaotic use of consciousness formation technologies, but also use them to increase their efficiency, will become one of the key factors of competitiveness in the next decade.

11.1. Improving the efficiency of the state apparatus

Problems of globalization.

The development of globalization is usually accompanied by informatization that transcends national borders, which allows citizens to compare their living conditions with those in freer and more prosperous countries, and therefore encourages them to demand from their own government the provision of similar public goods. In addition, globalization itself gives rise to new problems, the solution of which is impossible without the participation of the state. For example, there are problems of regulation of immigration and unemployment, illegal influx of drugs, the growth of crime, terrorism and "dirty money laundering". There is a growing need to control the activities of the financial sector in order to mitigate the impact on it of the global financial crises. New problems of tax regulation are emerging in order to prevent the leakage of tax payments from trans national companies seeking to divert their capital to countries with less high taxation.

The solution of these problems largely depends on the efficiency of the state apparatus.

Globalization requires the efficiency of the state apparatus.

Globalization, the development of which is primarily due to the solution of the tasks of achieving the greatest efficiency, forces the state to reconsider the ways in which it performs its functions, paying attention, first of all, to the effectiveness and efficiency of its activities for society. In particular, it is precisely to ensure the greatest efficiency that the state is pursuing a policy of privatization of public sector enterprises, is reducing state participation in economics. In order to preserve and increase the level of benefits provided to society, the state links the curtailment of direct forms of its participation in economic activity with the development of its closer partnerships with the private sector in the production of public goods and the delivery of public services. Thus, the state frees itself from direct economic activity, if it can be carried out efficiently enough by private companies. This is achieved through a contract system where the state hires private companies or buys their products.

The most important condition for improving the efficiency of the state apparatus is the fight against corruption, which turns the state apparatus into a source of enrichment for bureaucrats and individual influential businessmen. This disease in one way or another is inherent in all countries. That is why the international community is paying increasing attention to this aspect. In 1996, the problem of corruption became the subject of special discussion at the annual session of the IMF and the World Bank. Since then, both within individual countries and at the international level, numerous laws and administrative measures have been adopted to limit the scale of this scourge.

The global fight against financial crimes is of particular importance. State financial control bodies are involved in this fight, and in many countries, in addition, special financial intelligence bodies have been created to detect suspicious transactions related to money laundering or the financing of international terrorism. In order to coordinate their actions, these bodies from 58 countries created the Egmont association, an analogue of Interpol, which allows for an active exchange of information, to join forces in combating the laundering of criminal capital. All these bodies are guided by uniform legal norms.

Without an effective state, sustainable and economic, and social development, impossible. Moreover, in the context of globalization, the main problem is not the size of the public sector, but the quality of its management and the economy as a whole, the effectiveness of state intervention in economic activity.

The effectiveness of the state is important both for developed countries, even in such associations as the European Union, and for developing countries, especially when dealing with the consequences of devastating financial crises. The experience of countries in Latin America, the Pacific and other regions shows that in the absence of a sustainable financial system And banking sector it was the governments of these countries who had to impose severe restrictions on the inflow and outflow of foreign capital in order to cope with the difficulties that arose and pursue prudent macroeconomic policies. And the stability of the state, the hardships of overcoming the consequences of the financial crisis depended on how the governments coped with these tasks.

Thus, not globalization, but the inefficiency of public administration, which does not allow the state to adequately perform its basic functions, can become the main reason for its devaluation.

Optimization of budget policy.

The effectiveness of public administration is largely determined by the effectiveness of the state's budgetary policy. For the state, the budget is both an instrument of macroeconomic policy, and the financial basis of its activities, and the basis for the provision of public goods. Therefore, the performance by the state at the proper level of the functions assigned to it without a significant increase in the burden of public spending for citizens requires it to conduct an effective budget policy both in the field of expenditure and in the field of income that provides them. In particular, the reduction of budget deficits, the optimization of public spending, and the implementation of tax reforms in order to reduce the tax burden on the economy and citizens are of great importance.

The reduction of state participation in the economy, which reduces its ability to use budget policy as an instrument of macroeconomic regulation, at the same time increases the requirements for the efficiency of managing public financial and material resources, forces the state to act more efficiently both in terms of mobilizing budget revenues and in terms of spending budget funds.

The state's refusal to use budget policy as the main instrument of macroeconomic regulation and stabilization of the market situation has brought to the fore new concepts for organizing the budget process. Increasingly, the question is raised about the need to introduce certain budgetary “rules” into it. We are talking about such rules or norms that are or could become criteria for a healthy and effective budget policy, as well as high-quality financial control. The need for such rules or regulations, according to many economists and politicians, is due to the fact that the public finances of most developed and developing countries, especially those with emerging market economies, have been characterized by an excess of expenses over income for many years. Hence the budget deficits, the growth of public debt, the increase in the cost of servicing public debt, which, in turn, adversely affects the rate of economic growth and the stability of monetary systems.

IN last years Under the influence of these circumstances, some countries, both developed and developing, have already introduced certain rules and regulations that impose severe restrictions on fiscal policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability, strengthen the financial reliability of the state and trust in the economic policy of the government to develop the system of public financial control.

One of the main conditions for the effectiveness of budget policy is the transparency of the entire budget process, based on the openness, truthfulness and accuracy of the information used, provided and confirmed by state control bodies at all levels of the budget system. Only in this case, the rules will contribute to financial discipline and order. Otherwise, violations and deviations may occur, which will cause the erosion of the rules themselves.

However, although the use of fiscal policy for the needs of macroeconomic regulation has faded into the background, it has not lost its significance at all. During a recession or crisis, such regulation is a serious help to monetary policy, which again brings to mind Keynesianism. This is evidenced by real practice, when the United States and European countries after a long period of growth, in 2001 they entered a phase of sharp deceleration.

Public debt management.

In the context of globalization, public debt management is of particular importance in macroeconomic policy. It is no coincidence that in the Maastricht Agreements, the condition for joining the EU is not only not to exceed a certain level of budget deficit (3% of GDP), but also a certain rate of public debt (no more than 60% of GDP). After all, interest payments, along with social spending, were the most dynamic item that stimulated growth budget spending.

The structure of public debt is also important. Western countries seek to reduce the share of short-term debts by increasing the share of long-term debts, which contributes to the reduction of budget expenditures for servicing them. It should also be noted that in some countries there are a number of strict rules governing the terms of external borrowing, in particular, new loans must not exceed the amount of debts due annually, and the use of loans is allowed only for investment purposes. In 1999, the budget deficit in the countries of the European Monetary Area totaled 1.6%, while the level of public debt was 72.9% of GDP. At the same time, this area of ​​financial relations is subjected to state financial control with particular care for violations and abuses.

The effectiveness of public administration in the context of globalization is largely determined by the effectiveness of financial control, carried out both at the national and international levels.

11.2. Public administration complements market self-regulation

What is the role of the state in socio-economic life now? Let's define: by the state we mean a political union of citizens united by common goals and national interests (as I. Ilyin defined it).

The modern world is witness to the fact that the economic prosperity of states is largely determined by the system of government. An explanation of the reasons and motives for successful growth or long-term stagnation should be sought, first of all, in the foundations of economic policy, state and public institutions of the respective countries. Practice refutes the notion that the difference in income levels and well-being in various countries is directly determined by the cultural, intellectual, professional and physical capital of nations. The presence of rich natural resources is not a sine qua non condition for the prosperity of a country, and countries with the highest per capita income tend to have few natural resources. The reason for the country's poverty is also the lack of land (in Argentina there are 11 people per square kilometer, in Germany - 246, and in Hong Kong - 5000). There is no direct connection between the level of a country's well-being and the level of education of the population - many countries are unable to solve the problem of employment of people with higher education.

World practice shows that the economic well-being of peoples is determined by the effectiveness of public administration, the stability of legislation and the specific political strategy of the country's leadership.

The "invisible hand of the market" is not able to ensure the stable development of the national economy. It needs to be corrected and supplemented by a “visible hand” – state regulation. Market efficiency and social justice most often do not harmonize with each other, which requires the inclusion in the economic system of mechanisms for the redistribution of generated income and accumulated wealth in the interests of solving social and national problems, overcoming disturbances in the reproduction process, creating the infrastructure of the national economy and ensuring its integrity.

The essence of state regulation of the economy is contained in the well-known formula of Roosevelt: “I do not mean comprehensive regulation and planning of economic life, but the need for state interference in economic life in the name of a true community of interests not only of different regions and population groups, but also between various sectors of its National economy".

The public sector of the economy is a necessary addition to the market mechanism. The reason for the creation and functioning of this sector is the fundamental inability of the market economy in certain circumstances to solve the following problems:

infrastructure development,

reconstruction and modernization of a number of branches of the science-intensive production complex,

providing the national economy with cheap energy resources and raw materials,

large-scale financing of the nationwide organization of research, development and technological work.

Creation and operation economic structures The public sector is most often based on principles that often differ from the principles of private companies, as it is aimed at solving national problems and ensuring the effectiveness of state regulation of the economy as a whole. Monopoly profit, and often just profit, is not the primary goal of creating and using state property in infrastructure, energy, raw materials, in the field of scientific research, training and retraining of personnel, and environmental protection.

The public sector of the economy plays the role of protecting national economic and political interests from foreign economies, compensates for the weakness of national capital, protecting emerging industries, vital industries and individual regions from their capture by foreign capital. It complements the private economy in circumstances of insufficient motivation for private capital, acts as an instrument for the redistribution of the national product in solving socially necessary tasks. The public sector is of great importance in conducting research and development in the United States and other industrialized countries in the development of university science and retraining of personnel, providing budget funding for research and development with the subsequent delivery of their results to all sectors of the economy.

11.3. Causes of the public administration crisis

Considering the causes of the systemic crisis in the Russian economy, the authors at the first stage left aside the causes that determine the crisis of public administration. However, both the 70 years of directive management of the economy that preceded perestroika and its current functioning in market conditions allow us to state that in Russia, both earlier and now (albeit taking into account the specifics of the market), the influence of the state on all aspects of the reproduction of public life is very significant. . Currently, we can state the crisis of public administration, the causes of which lie in the absence of a real mechanism state activities. Using the criteria of this management, it would be possible to orient the Russian economy towards achieving the goals necessary for Russia to enter the process of globalization as a full partner in the sphere of foreign economic cooperation within the framework of the world economic order.

Regarding the retrospective of the development of the Russian economy, it should be noted that the transition to the market, of course, changed the functions of public administration, at the same time weakening them in themselves.

During the years of the transition period, the irresponsibility of state authorities for the effectiveness, competence and effectiveness of decisions made has increased. At present, public administration in Russia, especially in its regions, is mostly ineffective and continues to retain almost all the shortcomings that President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin noted back in 2001 in his Address to the Federal Assembly.

The President of Russia, noting this inefficiency, pointed out that existing system work of both legislative and executive authorities continues to protect the rights of the latter to receive "status rent" and hinders any changes that encroach on its "privileges".

Perhaps this is the reason why the current system of public administration slows down the implementation of any reform of public financial control that could limit its “privileges”. So far, the country has not adopted a unified concept for the development of state control, primarily due to the fact that the bodies that manage the financial and material resources of the state do not want to allow control and verification of the effectiveness of their activities. In their eyes, the “cardinal reform” of the state financial control is simply the extensive growth of internal financial control bodies, which, a priori, cannot control the quality of the work of the structures that created them. For the same reason, they repeatedly make attempts to limit the activities of external financial control bodies to only one function - control over the execution of the budget. For the same purpose, in order to exclude attempts to control the quality of work of officials - managers of public funds, numerous reasons are invented (budget federalism, tax secrecy, etc.), due to which the management of public funds cannot be made "transparent".

The absence of real responsibility of senior government officials to society, external control over their activities allows maintaining the existing order, in which it is more important for a government official to successfully report to the leadership than to bring real benefit to the state and society. In such conditions, high-ranking officials are more concerned about maintaining their leadership positions and the “privileges” associated with them than about ensuring High Quality management. They often cover up their incompetence and the use of their official position for personal purposes, in particular, to create bridgeheads for a possible “retreat” to a highly profitable private business or to ensure a comfortable life for themselves and their relatives in countries where the state cares more about its citizens.

In the country, especially in certain regions, there is a shortage of competent and disciplined officials. Often candidates for public service judged not so much by their education or business qualities, how much according to the degree of personal usefulness to management. This can explain, for example, the facts that currently 30% of civil servants have a basic education that does not correspond to their position, and more than half of such employees in the apparatus of the State Duma and the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Continues to provide Negative influence on the qualifications of personnel of state administration bodies, the decline that began in the post-Soviet period social status civil servants.

The prestige of the civil service is undermined and low in comparison with the incomes of merchants and businessmen wage middle and lower level civil servants. All this deprives Russian civil servants of both material and moral motivation for high-quality work, affects their desire to improve their skills in order to better perform their tasks. official duties. For the same reason, it is difficult to expect an influx of highly qualified specialists into government bodies.

Finally, the cause of the crisis, the slowdown in all economic and social processes there may be shortcomings in the formation of civil society. In developed countries (and not only in them), at least 90% of the efforts of the people in the field of economy, optimization social relations, the development of culture falls on the share of the so-called. "third sector", which is the basis of civil society. It is he, and not the state and capital, who initiate most of the progressive transformations in all spheres of the life of society. In our country, the main driver of such transformations is the state. Capital works for the most part for itself, while the people, united by the “third sector”, are “silent”. But even under the conditions of the etatist system that dominated the USSR, it was the people's, that is, the civil initiative, that was the decisive factor in social development. Under President Vladimir Putin, this initiative is beginning to be revived, including through the efforts of the state, but still very little is being done.

IN Document

Culture, art and education in Russia V conditionsglobalization". The conference will include lectures... - globalization and its impact on development culture, arts and education; - the role of culture and art in conditionsglobalization; ...

The growth of the integrity and unity of the modern world, the strengthening of interconnection and interdependence between people and countries is a trend that manifests itself in the political, economic, social and cultural fields. The most important part of this process is the globalization of the economy. The world market united the national markets and formed the global market.

Market globalization is the unification of historically distant and independent national markets into a global market. The term global market was introduced by Theodore Levitt. Firms compete against each other in global markets. For example Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. There is a globalization of the production of goods, which consists in the spread of the production activities of individual companies around the world, in their desire to acquire factors of production (labor, energy, land and capital) in different regions, as well as bringing production closer to the consumer.

Globalization directly affects the Russian economy. There are processes of mergers and acquisitions in the Russian economy, in which international business is involved.

The globalization of world capital markets allows Russian companies to attract foreign investment in the course of initial public offerings, both in the Russian stock market, and abroad.

In order to define the category of "international (global) management", it is necessary to comprehend the concept international business as a form of business, in accordance with which goods and services are produced and sold in different countries.

International business is the main form of entrepreneurship, which consists in the cooperation of economic entities of two or more countries in order to derive benefits. The specifics of this form include the implementation of the production and sale of goods and services in different countries, ensuring the main factors of the viability of the enterprise:

Continuous improvement of the production process;

Rational model of the organizational structure of the enterprise in the conditions of foreign economic activity;

Evidence-based strategic planning.

The fundamental principle of the activity of a specialist in the field of international business is the desire for the further development of the international division of labor, which contributes to the progress of productive forces and the growth of labor productivity on a global scale. Such division assumes intersectoral and intrasectoral specialization of production.

For the national economy of each state, intersectoral specialization of production with leading sectors for the economy is of decisive importance: industry with specialization in specific sectors (fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, engineering, etc.), Agriculture- plant growing, animal husbandry. The most effective model of specialization in the world economy is the high degree of development of knowledge-intensive industries with expensive products, which is typical for the United States, members of the European Union and Japan. The rest of the countries with an insufficient level of development of productive forces participate in the international division of labor on an intersectoral basis as suppliers to the world market of mineral and agricultural raw materials, and certain types of food.

Intra-industry specialization, which has become widespread at the present stage of the development of the world economy, is based on the use of the results of scientific and technical activities. Its areas were subject specialization (production certain types finished products – electronic engineering, metalworking machines, etc.); detailed specialization (focusing on the production of components and parts that are used as components for finished products); technological specialization - production of blanks, castings and forgings for the external and internal markets).

New phenomena in the international division of labor include the internationalization of R&D - this is the transfer of research and development centers by transnational corporations from the country of the parent company to the host states. The use of foreign research centers allows:

Get new technologies;

Hire more qualified specialists with low wages;

Control the activities of competitors;

Reduce the costs of production and marketing of science-intensive products;

Use the growing human resources of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

TNCs prefer to locate their R&D centers abroad in states with a significant number of qualified personnel and pursuing an active science and technology policy. The activities of research centers of TNCs abroad also require a regulatory legal framework with an effective management system.

The theory of global management is based on the positions of theoretical economists and founders of schools and directions of management.

Basic concepts of global management:

1. The concept of absolute advantages (A. Smith), which provides for the organization of production of goods and services in a country where labor productivity and product quality are higher, and production costs are lower than in other countries. Such conditions make it possible to effectively export goods and services from a country with absolute advantages to other countries. Absolute advantages stimulate the development of international business.

2. The concept of comparative advantages (D. Ricardo), provides for the specialization of countries in the production of goods and services with the lowest production costs. This concept provides grounds for organizing the production of several types of goods and services in the country. In this case, the manager will have to choose and focus on the production and export of those products that have absolute advantages, while the rest of the goods and services can be intended for the domestic market, and some of the needs for it can be met through imports.

The combination of relative and absolute advantages with the organization of production and public policy inherent in each nation provides firms with different countries competitive advantage and high reputation. Roughly, the indicator of comparative advantage (CAP) of a product or service in a particular country can be calculated using the formula:

where E x y is the volume of exports of goods x of country y;

E y - the total volume of exports of the country y;

And x - the volume of world imports of goods x;

I is the total volume of world imports.

If the PSP is greater than 1, then for a given country, the degree of specialization in product or service X is relatively high and its share of exports is relatively higher than the average share of imports of this product or service. Therefore, country Y has a comparative advantage in specializing in product or service X. The smaller the PSP, the smaller the degree of comparative advantage.

So, for example, the competitiveness of US corporations is undeniable in the production of passenger aircraft (the Boeing company), powerful computers (the IBM company), computer programs(Microsoft Company), environmental protection equipment, fertilizers. In Germany, goods such as automobiles, chemicals, agricultural machinery, optical instruments, printing equipment, in Japan such companies as telecommunications equipment, marine vessels, automobiles, consumer electronics, Italian firms are called manufacturers of ceramic and textile products, sports shoes, packaging equipment.

3. The concept of the international product life cycle is based on the product life cycle theory put forward by the American economist Vernon. He divides the process of marketing any product into 4 stages in order to focus the attention of entrepreneurs on the problems of production efficiency and marketing of goods and services in a rapidly changing environment and intense competition in the domestic and world markets when entering them with a new product.

Product life cycle stages:

Innovation

Rapid growth in demand

Market saturation

4. Foreign direct investment (FDI) - capital investment designed for long-term business relationship between an enterprise of the country - a direct investor and firms of the host country. FDI brings capital, new technologies, modern methods enterprise management, an effective system for marketing goods and services.

The choice by the investor of the country of application of foreign direct investment is influenced by:

economic growth rates;

Bank interest and credit conditions;

Costs of production of goods and services;

External debt;

Political and macroeconomic stability.

5. A concept based on the achievements of all schools and directions (starting from the school of scientific management F. Taylor; administrative school - G. Emerson, A. Fayol, L. Urank, M. Weber; school of human relations - E. Mayo, A. Maslow, M. Foll, management school - D. Forrester, R. Ackoff).

For a qualified manager of a global scale, entering a foreign market should be preceded by a carefully conducted marketing research - an active study of the market of the host country with the identification of national characteristics of consumer preferences. Of great importance in the theory and practice of international management is the social component as a criterion for the effectiveness of a company's activities abroad (managers of a global scale do not put the company's profitability as a priority, but the maximum satisfaction of consumer demands, which can differ dramatically in different countries). Achieving high efficiency in the company's activities abroad, its competitiveness is facilitated by "human capital" - the qualifications, initiative and personal qualities of employees.

Federal Agency for Education

State Educational Institution "Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University" and tet"

Cheboksary Institute of Economics and Management (f and lial)

department economics, management and marketing

COURSE WORK

According to ursu: "Management"

On the topic of: "Goals and objectives of management in the context of globalization of the about nomics"

Completed by a student

4 full-time courses

specialty 080502-m

"Economics and management on

Enterprises with special

mechanical engineering"

Grigorieva I.N.

Signature_________________

Checked:

Ponyaeva N.G.

Cheboksary

2006

Introduction

1 Globalization as the inevitability of the development of society

1.1 The concept of globalization

1.2 Significance and place of management in the process of economic globalization

2 Features of the development of management in the conditionseconomic globalization

Conclusions and offers

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

The globalization of economic activity is currently the main V noah objective trend in the development of the modern world; she is having with at significant impact on the economic and socio-political life of all nation-states without exception. Russian Federation, get up V taking the path of liberalization of the national economy, is also not With key. Consequences of globalization in the Russian economy (positive b nye and negative) are experienced not only by individual companies, but by all A settlement of the country (availability of goods, price increase, inflation, etc.).

1 GLOBALIZATION AS AN INEVITABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT SOCIETIES

1.1 The concept of globalization

One of the key processes in the development of the world economy on the verge of the 20th-21st centuries is progressive globalization, i.e. qualitatively O the first stage in the development of the internationalization of economic life.

Economic integration fits well into the process of global And cation, constituting its core, and globalization itself is more s the current stage of internationalization, its further development, when And ongoing quantitative changes have led to qualitative T vein jump. The world is becoming a single market for the majority of TNCs and, moreover, the majority of e Gions are open to their activities about sti.

Globalization has become the most important real characteristic of modern e variable world system, one of the most influential forces that determine the course of h development of our planet. According to the prevailing view of globalization, no action, no process in society (economic And political, legal, social, etc.) cannot be considered And vat limitedly only as such (such). The globalization of international relations is the strengthening of interdependence and mutual O the influence of various spheres of public life and activities in the field of international relations. It affects practical e ski all spheres about b social life, including economics, politics, ideology, social sphere, culture, ecology, safety, lifestyle, as well as a mi conditions with y existence of mankind. Based on the purpose of the study presented in the article, we will consider the concept of globalization of the application And relevant only to the global economy.

The processes of global development, in which the structures of national b production and finance become interdependent, accelerate in e as a result of an increase in the number of concluded and implemented external transactions. Globalization that has engulfed all regions and sectors of the world economy, Prince And pially changes the ratio between external and internal factors development of national economies in favor of the former. No national eq O nomics regardless of the size of countries (large, medium, small) and the level of h development (developed, growing or transitional) can no longer be self-sustaining A accurate, based on the available factors of production, technologies and needs O sti in capital. No state is in O standing rationally to form and implement economic strategy development, without taking into account the priorities and norms of behavior of the main participants in the world economic I'm pregnant.

Although the concept of "globalization" is Lately the most frequently e often found in the economic literature, to the full clarity of this term both conceptually and practically, it is still very far away. global And zational processes are evaluated ambiguously. Etc And we have only two points of view.

Professor of Sociology at the University of California (USA) M. Castells defined globalization as a “new capitalist economy”. And ku”, listing the following as its main characteristics: inform A tion, knowledge and information Technology are the main sources of productivity and competitiveness growth; this new economy O R organized mainly through the network structure of management, d stva and distribution, and not individual firms, as before; and she is a ch about the ballroom.

Globalization is presented by a number of specialists as a rather narrow O definition: the process of convergence of consumer preferences and A Lization of the range of products offered around the world, during which all r products pushing the locals.

From another point of view, globalization of the world economy can ohara k termed as an increase in interdependence and mutual influence of different h spheres and processes of the world economy, expressed in the gradual n transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, A fed, labor and knowledge.

The process of globalization covers different areas world economy and ki, namely:

- external, international, world trade in goods, services, technology O giyas, objects of intellectual property;

- international movement factors of production (labour force, cap And tala, information);

- international financial and credit and currency transactions (without h local financing and assistance, credits and loans of international economic entities O economic relations, operations with securities, special finance O high mechanisms and tools, operations with a shaft yu toy);

- production, scientific and technical, technological, engineering n new and information cooperation.

The modern globalization of the world economy is expressed in the following words: e blowing processes (Fig. 1):

1 ) deepening, first of all,internationalization of production, not about b exchange, as was the case before. The internationalization of production has I The problem lies in the fact that manufacturers from many countries of the world participate in the creation of the final product in various forms and at various stages. Intermediates and Gender at manufactured goods occupy an increasing share in world trade and in intercorporate A tive transfers. The institutional form of internationalization h management are TNCs;

2) deepening internationalization of capital, consisting in the growth of international at people's movement of capital between countries, primarily in the form of direct investment (moreover, the volume of foreign direct investment is growing faster than foreign trade and production), the internationalization of the stock market n ka;

3 ) globalization of productive forcesthrough the exchange of funds d stva and scientific, technical, technological knowledge, as well as in the form of international A native specialization and cooperation linking household units And threads into integral production and consumer systems; through production d private cooperation, international relocation of production e resources;

Rice. 1 . Components of globalization of the world economy

4) shaping the globalmaterial, informational, organizational n but-economic infrastructure that ensures the implementation of international A native cooperation;

5) Gain exchange internationalizationbased on the deepening of international d a new division of labor, an increase in scale and a qualitative change х A traditional international trade ovestest V linen goods. An increasingly important area of ​​international cooperation is the service sector, which is developing faster than the sphere of material production. from management;

6 ) scaling upinternational labor migration. You walkers from relatively poor countries find use as unskilled O bathroom or low-skilled labor in the development And th countries. At the same time, countries that use foreign labor to fill certain n niches in the labor market associated with low-skilled and low-paid e my job, try to hold imm And grace within certain limits. At the same time, modern telecommunication technologies open up new O high possibilities in this area and allow painlessly limiting imm And graceful processes. Any company in Europe, North America or Japan O nii can easily n O entrust the performance of, for example, computer work to a contractor located in another country, and immediately receive O work in your office and behold;

7) growing internationalization impact of production and consumption e on environment , which causes an increase in the need for international cooperation d solving global problems modern about sti.

It is predicted that in the visible future globalization will entail:

- intensification of integration regional processes;

- greater openness of the economic systems of states, at present I For the time being, those who have not yet fully liberalized their economic activities about sti;

- unhindered access for all participants to any markets;

- universalization of norms and rules for the implementation of trade and financial operations e radios;

- unification of regulation and control over markets;

- standardization of requirements for the movement of capital, investment O cess and the global payment and settlement system.

Determined that feature globalization in the economy about in a combination of automatic processes ization and integration. This is n A was reflected in the "Naisbitt paradox": "The higher the level of globalization A tion of the economy, the stronger its smallest participants. J. Naisbitt elev e welcomes the movement, on the one hand, towards political independence and self-government e on the other hand, to the formation of economic alliances.

Therefore, the paradox of globalization is that the richer and more P The greater the internal ties of a society, the higher the degree of its economic and social O social consolidation, and the more fully its internal resources are realized, the more successful sh it is able to take advantage of integration ties and hell P adjust to the conditions of Ch about the ballroom market.

1.2 Significance and place of management in the process of globalization economics

The attitude towards globalization of both specialists and all the inhabitants of our planet is very ambiguous, and sometimes even diametrically opposed. This is due to different points of view on the consequences of globalization processes. With owls, in which some see a serious threat to the world economic system, while others see a means of further economic progress. Nes O In my opinion, the consequences of globalization can be both positive and negative. A positive nature, but there is no alternative to it, in connection with which the main attention in the article is paid to the study of the dangers (threats) that these processes carry. With sy, and the opportunities and benefits arising from the process of globalization.

First of all, the most important methodological and practical issue is to determine the relationship between the concepts of "globalization", R nationalization of economic life”, “international economic O labor”, “international economic integration”, which will be O the first part of the article is sacred. And then we will dwell on the essence of the process O balization, its prerequisites, specific manifestations and positive and negative A positive consequences.

As a result of international cooperation of production, development of international at popular division of labor foreign trade and international economic e relations in general, there is an increase in interconnection and interdependence O sti of national economies, the normal development of which is impossible without taking into account external factor. This phenomenon is calledinternationalization A economic life. Can give enough general definition this concept:

Internationalization of business activitiesis a reinforcement of And interconnections and interdependence of the economies of individual countries, the impact of international A relatives economic relations on national economies, the participation of countries in the world economy.

In its development, the internationalization of the economy has gone through a number of stages. Initially, she wasinternational economic cooperation d nichestvo : affected, first of all, the sphere of circulation and was associated with h the decline of international trade (late 18th - early 20th centuries). At the end of the 19th century, the international movement of capital is gaining momentum.

International economic cooperationmeans development th efficient economic relations between countries and peoples, the output of reproducible d natural process beyond national boundaries.

The next step wasinternational economic integrationobjectively determined by the deepening of the international division of labor, and n internationalization of capital, the global nature of scientific and technological progress and the increase in the degree of openness of national economies and O dy trade. Integration translated from Latin (integratio) means to connect e the formation of separate parts into a common, whole, united.

International economic integration- rapprochement and interaction And the ability of national economies, their inclusion in a single reproduction T venous process on an international scale.

International economic integration can be characterized as a process of economic unification of countries based on the division of labor e I am waiting for individual national economies, the interaction of their economies on various levels and in various forms through the development of deep resilience And out relationships.

International economic integration is a fairly high, effective and promising stage in the development of the world economy, as T a new and more complex stage in the internationalization of economic I Zey. At this stage, not only the convergence of national economies takes place, but also the joint solution of economic problems is ensured. Consequently, economic integration can be represented as a process of economic interaction between countries, leading to convergence of economic mechanisms, taking the form of interstate agreements and coordinated regulation at regulated by interstate bodies.

Economic integration, in particular, is expressed in:

- cooperation between the national economies of different countries and l noah or partial unification;

- elimination of barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital, labor and e waiting for these countries;

- convergence of the markets of each of the individual countries in order to educate about d nogo single (common) market;

- erasing differences between economic entities belonging to the h other states;

- the absence of any form of discrimination against foreign partners e moat in each of the national economies, etc.

The processes of economic integration are taking place both on a bilateral, and on a regional or global basis. As a characteristic feature of integration associations at the present time, one can name their development at the regional level: integral regional economic cooperatives are being created. m complexes with common supranational and interstate governments in laziness.

At the present stage, profound changes are taking place in the entire system of international relations. Their essential feature is globalization . Schematically the processes leading to economic integration and globalization A tion, it is possible to express the interconnectedkidney shown in Fig. 2. The stages reflected in the figure are, of course, somewhat simplified in nature. And zuyu process of internationalization of the world economy. In real action and teln o However, it is very difficult to isolate these stages in a pure form, only certain trends can be identified, and there are undoubtedly both direct and feedback between them. So, for example, speaking of globalization as a tim ohm and objective process, it means precisely the trend development, and not always straightforward , and with zigzags on certain segments of time e me and with the reverse movement. The process goes rather in a spiral, on a queue d nom turn reaching development at a higher level. Somewhat abstract e MA is given with the aim of trying to distinguish between the concepts of "internationalization host natural life”, “international economic cooperation”, “international at folk economicintegration, globalization.

Rice. 2 . Stages of internationalization of economic activity

Globalization and integration are multilevel phenomena affecting yu chee:

- regional, national economy (macro level);

- commodity, financial and currency markets, labor markets (meso o vein);

- individual companies (micro level).

At the macroeconomic level, globalization is manifested in the desire of states and int e graceful associations to economic activity outside their borders through the liberalization of trade, the removal of trade and investment n barriers, creation of free trade zones V whether etc. In addition, the processes of globalization and integration cover interstate coordinated measures for targeted fo R world economic market (economic, legal, information A rational, political) space in large e regions of the world.

At the microeconomic level, globalization is manifested in the expansion of companies' activities outside the domestic market. Most larger th our transnational corporations O radios have to operate on a global scale: any area with a high level of consumption becomes their market e niya, they must be able to satisfy the demand of consumers everywhere, n e regardless of borders and nationality. Companies think in terms of O scoring categories of buyers, technologies, costs, supplies, strategic e alliances and competitors. Various links and design stages, etc. O production and marketing O ductions are placed in different countries, unifying on an international scale. Creation and development of transnational firms O allows you to bypass many barriers (due to the use of transfer funds O rates, prices, favorable conditions for reproduction, lu h taking into account the market situation, the application of profits, etc.).

Considering that forTNCs (especially multinational and global) foreign economic O Physical activity in most cases is more important than internal operations, they are the main subject of Ch O balization processes. Transnational corporations are the backbone of O balization, her main driving force.

1.3 The role of the manager in a globalized economy

At the heart of the causes of the globalization of the economylie the following fa To tori: technological (primarily transport and information); economy O mic (concentration and centralization of capital, growth of international h division of labor, etc.); political integration (creation of supranational associations, t A possible unions, transparency of national borders, etc.); community venous ( the growth of people's mobility, the weakening of the role of traditions, customs, etc.); institutional (liberalization, deregulation, creation of transna national companies, etc.); ecological and demographic (rapid growth in the number n population and its migration, the global nature of the ecology O logical problems, etc.); and innovative and informational (the growth of people's creative activity, the mobility of new knowledge and ideas, the rapid materialization of knowledge, the strengthening of the role of information, etc.).

The effect of almost all of these factors does not weaken over time, but, on the contrary, increases significantly.that presents higher n ny requirements for the economic policy of both individual states as a whole, and transnational and national companies.

The main core of their economic policy at present I V a strategy is being developed that ensures the creation of competitive advantages, which, in turn, allow the implementation of an effective economic I on the scale of regions or the world as a whole.

The creation of competitive advantages is ensured by the development and e dredging new, first of all, high technology, improving the quality of O produced goods and renderedservices, as well as an increase in the requirements for the educational level of company personnel.

Today, it is generally recognized that there is a direct relationship between the strength of the economy and achievements in scientific research and high educator b the level of the population of countries. Therefore, it is no coincidence that developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany and others) have extensive national development programs. And science and education of the population.

The globalization of the economy places enormous demands on the skills And cation and creativity of managers andorganizers of production and services - managers. Management activities in a global And The rational economy requires extensive knowledge and specific abilities O It is possible to organize the work of huge companies with many branches and regional associations, which employ many thousands of employees with different cultures, morals and specific needs.

At present, the training of specialists in b lusty global managementent or international business, which is no longer A chat at several universities in Western countries (for example, in the USA, Germany, Japan, France, etc.).

The training of such specialists has begun at a number of universities in Russia (mainly in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod). During e n e how many years of training in the field of global management in e going to St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University e those (SPbSPU) on the basis of the Russian-American Higher School of Management (RA HSE).

The main goal of such training is to give students a sufficient amount of knowledge and develop in them the practical skills necessary for working in the field of international business, dealing with the problems of global management. well cop.

The fulfillment of this goal is possible subject to the following requirements. e Advances in training managers in a globalized economy:

1) fundamental general scientific training, the basis of which is the study e nie mathematics, modeling methods and natural worldview dis with ciplin;

2) deep economic and managerial training, the basis of which I V there are cycles of special disciplines that revealeconomic law O dimensionality of the functioning of companies, countries and the world as a whole, as well as prince And py and methods of managing them;

3) broad information and computer training, the basis of which yavl i cycles of disciplines in computer science and programming, systems in d holding and decision making, information systems management, etc.;

4) in-depth training in foreign languages, the basis of which is English language studied throughout the entire period of study, as well as a second language: German or French (optional), the study of which begins And naetsya from the 2nd course;

5) compulsory inclusive education for one or two semesters, carried out in one of the universities of Western Europe;

6) Internship within one to two months as a duplicate ra manager in domestic or foreign companies;

7) participation of students in the learning process in research work with the preparation of abstracts or reports at seminars or conferences and their publication.

In addition, students enrolled in the global management program and ment, must also satisfy the relevant psycho-physiological requirements (the ability to work in a complex and dynamic environment). e de, with people of different cultures, different ethical standards, etc.), which by providing A there is, on the one hand,their natural data (which is revealed as a result of their selection), and on the other hand, appropriate training (training business communication, identifying specific roles in teams or groups, etc.).

In a globalized economy, competition is intensifying not only for transnational and national companies, but also for universities and other higher educational institutions that train specialists and, first of all, managers to work in the field of a global manager.

To ensure effectivetraining of managers for globalization And developed economy should be given more autonomy With shim educational institutions in terms of the formation of training programs for training and content curricula(in other words, weaken the role of the Ministry of Education and its respective educational and methodological departments) on the one O temporary strengthening of control by the Ministry of Education over O final results and the quality of specialist training.

Competition in the training of managers should be practiced not only b co between universities(which already has in many Russian cities), but also within universities, when different faculties or Schools of Management A in parallel carry out such training according to programs, somewhat different And differing from each other while maintaining, however, the main goals of training managers. Such positive experience has been accumulated, in particular, at SPbSPU, where several faculties and institutes train management e moat, competing on a healthy basis, together.

Globalization can lead to productivity gains as a result of the rationalization of production at the global level and the spread of A opinions advanced technologies, as well as competitive pressure in favor of e disruptive implementation and n innovation on a global scale.

The globalization of economic activity is objective yavl e modern world, the consequences of which are still little studied and research O baths. The task of higher education is to adequately respond to the objective requirements of this process and, if possible, take them into account in time, adjusting the content and forms of training. In this and A This is the lifesaver that allows universities to function successfully in today's and global world.

2 FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT INCONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

2.1 Goals of management in a globalized economy

Starting a new business commercial enterprise, let's take A tel, of course, wants to get a certain profit. However, choosing the area of ​​your business, you need to focus on those products, p and bots and services, which are in demand by potential buyers, will consume e lei and customers. Operating in a never-ending environment at renction, the firm must take care of the constant increase in the volume of production h management, updating the range, reducing costs, improving s quality control. In this regard, it is logical to talk about both effectiveness andabout the efficiency of d acceptance, i.e. in the first case, the results of activities are evaluated, and in the second O rum - the degree of profitability of the enterprise (for example, as the ratio of results to costs). Everyday care to increase efficiency and effectiveness V the performance of the firm is the main objective management. In addition, the function of management is the actual leadership and management. At the same time, neo b we need to distinguish between these two concepts.If the control is an element, the function is about R organizational systems of various nature (biological, social, technical And chesky), ensuring the preservation of their specific structure, supporting And mode of activity, the implementation of their programs, then management can be defined as a process of a higher order, the main component of the cat O horogo is the definition of the mission and purpose of the organization. In other words, r at leadership is the direction of deactions to implement the plan, response to question: "What to do?", and management - ensuring the implementation of the plan, i.e. response to O pros: "How to do it?" and implementation of the plan with the help of subordinates. Of course, while workingwith personnel, one has to answer more complex questions: who is enough to manage, and who to manage and manage. And this already depends on the qualifications of employees, work experience, the complexity of the task and other factors.

Another goal of management is to meet the needs of customers, to create new markets. This should be understood, on the one hand, as quality management in s launched products, work performed, services provided, and on the other hand, as the management of the assortment policy and the search for new sales markets.

The concept of global strategies is aimed at optimizing international A the firm's home business. It focuses on the need to develop a unified strategy aimed at P optimization of the activities of the entire corporation, and not its individual parts. There are different directions of this concept:

1 ) the theory of multiple goals, when the global strategy is aimed at the implementation of many goals and profit maximization is denied as the main goal;

2 ) it is recognized that the optimization of activities is carried out in order to To profit simization;

3 ) optimization of activities is aimed at obtaining max And small profits as a result of better adaptation of organizational And oning structure to changing conditions (decentralization, to o ordination);

4 ) optimization of activities is carried out by n of the basic functions of management. In particular planning (long-term).

The ultimate goal of management is to ensure profitability, or profitability, in the activities of the company through the rational organization of production. h water process, including production management and development of technical And co-technological base, as well as the effective use of human resources O potential while improving skills, creative activity O sti and loyalty of each employee.

The profitability of a firm indicates the efficiency of its production. T military marketing activities, whichis achieved by minimizing costs (expenses for raw materials, materials, energy, wages, financing) and maximizing income from the results of production - output and from the meadow.

Management is called upon to create conditions for successful functionaries A of the company based on the fact that profit is not the reason for the existence of the company, but the result of its activities, which is ultimately determined by the market. Profit creates certain guarantees for the further functioning of the company, since only profit and its accumulation in the form of various reserves V funds allow you to limit and overcome the risks associated with real And position of goods on the market.The situation on the market, as you know, is constantly changing. T Xia, there are changes in the position of competitors in the market, in the conditions and forms of financing, in the state of the economic situation in the industry or in the country as a whole, in the conditions of trade in world commodity markets. Hence the constant presence of risk. The goal of management in these conditions is to O permanent overcoming of risk or risk situations not only in the present, but also in the future, which requirescertain reserve cash and giving managers a degree of freedom and autonomy O economic activity in order to quickly respond and adapt to changing conditions.

Good goal setting determines the future of the organization. The goal must be set clearly and clearlyrule, in exponential form.

2.2 Tasks of management in the context of the globalization of the economy

The most important task of management is to organize the production of goods and services, taking into account the needs of consumers on the basis of available resources. A material and human resources and ensuring the profitability of the enterprise and its stable position in the market.

In this regard, and in view of the objectivesmanagement into the tasks of management about kid:

1) ensuring the automation of production and the transition to the use of work T nicknames with high qualifications;

2) stimulating the work of employees of the company by creating for them better conditions labor and higher wages;

3) constant control for the efficiency of the company, coordination of the work of all departments of the company;

4) constant search and development of new markets.

Management tasks also include:

Determination of specific goals for the development of the company;

Revealing priority of goals, their order and sequence p e scheniya;

Development of a company development strategy - economic tasks and ways of their development e scheniya;

Development of a system of measures to solve the planned problems at the h personal time periods;

Determination of the necessary resources and sources of their provision;

Establishing control over the implementation of tasks.

Fulfillment of management tasks for regulation, organization, coo R direction and control of the production process and the achievement of the planned n ny goals are evaluated in the market.

The main management tasks include:

Personnel management (team, personnel);

Product quality management;

Management of innovations (innovations in the organization);

Strategic management (growth strategy, strategy no growth, reduction strategy, combination of strategies);

Management of financial resources;

Management of material resources and stocks;

Information resource management;

Time resource management (network planning);

Labor productivity management;

Anti-crisis management of the enterprise;

Marketing Management ( marketing strategies, for example, stratum e giyam "price - quality");

Management by Objectives (MBO) (proposed in the 1950s by P. Drucker, proposed O lays down the correct setting of the goal (s) and the subsequent transition to the formation A management functions and processes; must not only respond to d number on a negative situation, but also to pre-develop a number of measures in order to prevent it);

Results-based management (cyclical process: setting results (c e lei) - the process of situational management - control over the results; on ne R your plan is a quick response to unexpected situations and pressure And manager's worth).

The task of the management process of any organization is to increase profitability, reduce costs and eliminate (exclude)risks. For non-profit organizations(to which the concept of management is now also applicable) it is precisely the minimization of costs that is relevant (costs for raw materials, materials, components, fuel, energy, wages, depreciation). Overcoming risks and risky situations concerns all d acceptances, regardless of their attitude to commerce, since any business is associated with some degree of risk.

Control tasks are continuously becoming more complex as they grow scale production, requiring the provision of ever-increasing volumes of resources R owls - material, financial, labor, etc.

At the present stage, the goals and objectives of management are essentiallyAhave changed, which is due to the large-scale growth of international activitiesOsti large industrial firms, strengthening their size by consoleAndcapital allocation, the emergence and development of new forms of informationmcommunications and technologies.

Large and largest firms operating on a global scale orient management towards global coverage of all markets.nkov and enterprises in different countries. Management intrans national coRportions acquires the features of international activity, meaning neobability to adapt the forms and methods of management to the conditions, warehouseson the world market as a whole and on the markets of individual countries. This is requiredatno from the management of adaptation to the new conditions of an international corpOwalkie-talkies, both in the short term and especially in the long termAndve. Hence the need for the development of strategic management, which combines the development and implementation of long-term plans for the development of firms in a changingexternal environment with the solution of problems of internal management. An important role in the implementation of the goals and objectives is played by a fundamentally new technology.Ological support for production and management processes, Vedasebusiness on a new, more rational technological basis. It's privelo to complicate management due to the need to focus on chOscoring sphere of activity of firms, rapid adaptation to changingconv.Othe influence of the external business environment, the rapid scientific and technological progress and the constant process of innovation, which is objectively necessary for the development of companies. Therefore, in modern conditions manager large companies Odsimultaneously solve almost all issues related to the activities of theeproduction unit, and must have a high competensity in matters of marketing, planning, finance,motivation of personnel, and in the field of technology production process and implementedeinnovation. This trewill be used in the management of integrated softwaredprogress in solving the set goals and objectives.

REFERENCES

1. Bolshov A.S. Management/ Tutorial.- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.- 106s.: ill.- (Series "Short course").

2. Vladimirova A. Globalization of the world economy. // Management in Russia and abroad. - 2001. - No. 3. - p. 97-111.

3. Gerchikova I.N. Management: Textbook for universities. - 4th ed., Revised. and additional .- M .: UNITI-DATA, 2005.- 511s.- (Series "Golden Fund of Russian educationalAndkov").

4. Zakirov Sh.M., Savrukov N.T. Management: Lecture notes. - St. Petersburg: PolytechnicAndka, 2001. - 180 p.

5. Kuznetsov Yu. V., Podlesnykh V.I. Fundamentals of management. Publishing house OLBIS, 1997.- 192p.

6. Management. Basic theoriesethical concepts of management: ModernnHumanitarian University: 0022.21.04; 4.- m.: UNITA 1, 2000.- 62s.

7. Management: Theory, practice and ways of development: 2nd internationalscientific and practicalconference: 10-12 Nov. 1999 Proceedings of the conference / Intern. acad. higher sciences school etc. - M.: Nestor, 1999.-225p.

8. Management: Lecture notes. -St. Petersburg: Polytechnic, 2001. - 180With.

9. Mukhanova N.V. World economy: Proc. allowance / Under the general editorship. Prf. V.V. Kobzev. SPb.: Publishing house of SPbGPU, 2002. 118p. (Economics and management at the enterprise).

10. Spiridonov I.V. World economy: Proc. allowance.- M.: INFRA-M, 1999.-256s.

Positive consequences of globalization processes

It is difficult to overestimate the positive value of globalization: opportunities are multiplying immeasurably.Osti peopleOgreatness, more fully take into account all aspects of his lifebness, conditions for harmonization are created. The globalization of the world economy creates a serious basis for solving the universal problems of humanTva.

As positive consequences (advantages) of globalization processes, one canAcall for:

Globalization promotes deepening of specialization and international divisionelabour. In herWithconditions, funds and resources are distributed more efficiently, which ultimately contributes toTleads to an increase in the average standard of living and an expansion of the life prospects of the population (at lower costs forAmax).

An important advantage of globalization processes is economies of scale.Oproduction, which could potentially lead to cost reductions and price reductions, and, tracesAconsequently, to sustainable economic growth.

The benefits of globalization are also related to the gains from free trade betweenOadvantageous basis that satisfies all parties.

Globalization, increasing competition, stimulates the further development of new technologies.Xnology and distributionOtheir wandering among the countries. Under its conditions, the growth rate of direct investment is much higher thanOdat the growth rate of world trade, which isandthe most important factor in the transfer of industrial technologies, education multinational companies, which has a direct impactTview on national economies. EtceThe property of globalization is determined by the economic benefits that are obtained from the use ofAresearch and development of advanced scientific and technical, technological and qualification level ineblowing according toTareas foreign countries in other countries, in these cases, the introduction of new solutions occurs in a short time and atAndsignificantly lower costs.

Globalization contributes to the intensification of international competition. Sometimes approvedRit is expected that theObalization leads to perfect competition. In fact, we should rather talk about newncompetitive areas and tougher competition in traditional marketsnkah, which becomes beyond the power of a separate stateata gift or a corporation. After all, to the insideTearly competitors are joined by unrestricted forcesbexternal concatrent. Globalization processes in the world economy are beneficial, first of all,Andtel, as competition gives them opportunitiesandchoice and lower prices.

Globalization can lead to higher productivity as a result of rationalizationOglobalization of production and dissemination of advanced technologiesOgies, as well as competitive pressures to continuously innovate the worldOscale.

Globalization enables countries to mobilize more financeOoutput resuRowls, since investors can use a wider financialAndnans toolkit on the increased kOlichemarkets.

Globalization creates a serious basis for solving the universal problems of mankind, inRwow ocheamong others, ecological, which is due to the combined efforts of the world community, consolAndallocation of resources, coordination of actions in varioushareas.

The end result of globalization, as many experts hope, should beetotal nOincreasing prosperity in the world.

Negative consequences, potential problems and dangers of globalAndtions

As we have already noted, the processes of globalization in the world economy are perceived andetwist differently. But not only individual students are treated differentlyenye, specialists and experts, but also residents of different countries. Globalization processes are most often welcomed in developed countries and the challengeAyut seriehnye fears in the developing world. This is due to the fact thatbenefits of globalizationeare neevenly. Therefore, one of the main questionsscausing the most heated discussions is:who benefits from globalizationAtions?

Modern globalization processes are deployed primarily between industrialshlenno razvAndcountries and only secondarily cover developing countries. globalAndzation strengthens postureAndtions of the first group of countries, gives them additional advantages. At the same timeethe deployment of globalization processes within the framework of the modern international division of labor threatens toOrose the current positioneless developed countries of the so-called world periphery, which become more objects than subjects of globalizationAtions.

Consequently, the degree of positive impact of globalization processes on the economy of the departmentbcountries depends on the place they occupy in the world economy, in fact, the bulk of theatresources are received by rich countries orndividends.

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Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University

Management in a globalized economy

Bulgakov Yu.V., Shaporova Z.E.

The paradigm of global management is a fundamentally new system of views on the organization of business, which is based on the principles of globalization and informatization of the economy. Globalization as a process of world economic, political and cultural integration is systemic, that is, it covers all spheres of society. As a result of globalization, the world is becoming more connected and more dependent on all its subjects. The reverse is also true - the state of each subject directly depends on changes in the surrounding world, which is well said in the epigraph to E. Hemingway's novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls".

The organizational and economic aspects of globalization are characterized by free trade, free movement of capital, an increase in the scale of mergers and acquisitions within countries, and a tendency to outsource non-core activities to specialized companies. Simultaneously with globalization, a process of regionalization takes place, which is typical not only for states with a federal form of structure, but also for unitary states, for entire continents and parts of the world. Regionalization means the redistribution of power competencies, that is, the transfer of functions from the national to the regional level, which contributes to the emergence and development of new forms economic management. Thus, globalization is, on the one hand, a combination of processes of concentration and centralization, and on the other, deconcentration and decentralization.

Synchronous processes of globalization, regionalization and informatization have led to the creation of new forms of cooperation - virtual enterprises and clusters. One of the most effective forms of cooperation is virtual enterprises.

The use of the term "virtual" not only for objects and processes, but also for organizational structures is due to the fact that a virtual enterprise does not really exist as a legal entity, but is capable of producing real products or services. A virtual enterprise is defined as the cooperation of legally independent enterprises or individuals to organize the production of goods or services based on a common business understanding. In other words, virtual enterprises are groups of people doing business together, regardless of their actual place of work and location, including regardless of the country where they live. In more detail, a virtual enterprise is defined as follows - it is a temporary inter-industrial cooperation of a number of legally independent enterprises, which is created in short term, develops and produces relevant products or services, does without new legal entities due to the flexible coordination of joint actions.

The technical prerequisites for the emergence of virtual enterprises were the computerization of production and information integration. No less important were the economic preconditions. The saturation of the market has led to the fact that the one who can quickly create and produce new types of goods that meet the ever-increasing requirements of the consumer wins in the competition. Increasing flexibility has become a top priority for every enterprise.

Flexibility as an implementation of the management principle of adaptation characterizes the ability of an enterprise to adapt to continuously changing market conditions. Computer technologies for design, manufacture and management have significantly increased the flexibility of enterprises, while at the same time organizational forms have been improved.

IN various directions increasing the organizational flexibility of the enterprise, two trends can be distinguished:

* segmentation or restructuring of large enterprises;

* cooperation of small and medium enterprises.

In the case of segmentation of large enterprises, internal production networks are organized in which the participants are independent, but their association is preserved. For example, participants can be combined with each other according to the “customer - supplier” scheme. Segmented production units compete with external competitors, such as small specialized enterprises, where they must prove their worth. Segmented units may enter into various forms of cooperation to participate in the production of an innovative product.

The cooperation of small and medium enterprises is designed to use the strengths of each of the participants in order to organize the release of new competitive products in the shortest possible time in order to provide a competitive advantage. Cooperation partners can be both independent enterprises and partially autonomous production units. Effectively organized cooperation can seriously compete even large enterprises with famous brand. The development of these trends in conjunction with the development of information technology has led to the emergence organizational forms production in the form of virtual enterprises. Such enterprises are able to quickly respond to market changes at a relatively low cost in terms of traditional business.

The most important property of a virtual enterprise is high organizational adaptation. This means that here a quick connection of specific enterprises with a certain specialization is achieved in order to use the current market opportunities. In other words, a virtual enterprise manages to produce the required amount of goods or services on time and sell them on the market during the period of maximum demand for this species products.

However, the fast connection of virtual enterprise participants to an active network cannot happen by itself. For this, there must be a certain organizational and informational foundation on the basis of which this or that connection takes place. This basic foundation is called the organizational potential of relations or information and management environment. It is a catalyst for cooperation and guarantees packages of orders for participants in a virtual enterprise, and, therefore, ensures their stable financial condition. The potential of relationships does not arise by itself, but is formed through the work of individuals or teams directly interested in the functioning of a virtual enterprise.

The importance of the information and management environment is due to the fact that in the initial phase a lot of time is spent on finding suitable partners, building interpersonal relationships, as well as developing a common vision of the situation. Studies by foreign scientists show that the preparatory phase of cooperation accounts for up to 30% of the costs, and many cooperations fall apart without ever having arisen.

The ideal type of virtual enterprise arises when, on the basis of the created information and management environment, order-oriented, temporarily limited active networks are formed again and again. At the same time, the number of partners in the information and management environment can be much larger than in the active network, which leads to new configurations of the activity of enterprise specialists.

The stronger potential of virtual enterprises, compared to conventional forms of cooperation, lies primarily in the initial phase of the new product release cycle. This not only ensures short preparation times for entering the market, but also guarantees relatively small production costs, as a result of the effective use of the inter-production potential of relations. The creation of virtual enterprises today is considered as one of the ways to optimize production.

It is easy to see that many aspects of globalization and regionalization are also characteristic of cluster policy. The concept of "cluster" in relation to industries and companies was introduced into scientific circulation by the American economist M. Porter as part of his concept of a rhombus of national competitive advantages, which is the most famous among studies on national and regional competitiveness.

A cluster in the economy is a group of interconnected companies concentrated in a certain territory: suppliers of equipment, components and specialized services, infrastructure, research institutes, universities and other organizations that complement each other and reinforce competitive advantages individual companies and the cluster as a whole. Thus, a cluster is a community of economically closely related and closely located firms of a related profile that mutually contribute to each other. common development and increasing each other's competitiveness.

Mostly these are informal associations of large leading firms with many medium and small enterprises, technology creators, connecting market institutions and consumers interacting with each other within a single value chain, concentrated in a limited area and carrying out joint activities during the production and supply of certain types of products and services. It is necessary to distinguish between clusters and networks of enterprises. The term "network" refers to a group of medium-sized firms that interact to achieve common goals, complementing each other and specializing in order to overcome common problems, achieve collective efficiency and capture new markets. The term "cluster" refers to the industry and geographic concentration of enterprises that produce and sell a number of related or complementary products through joint efforts. Being points of economic growth, clusters become the object of large capital investments, which are the focus of close attention of local administrations.

The production structure of the cluster is always more profitable than the sectoral one, since here intra-company ties are closer. The cluster generates economies of scale in production, the basis of which is the presence of an innovative core in the face of one of the firms, stimulating the production of new types of products and services. The advantage of the cluster is also the flexible possibility of simultaneous production of several types of products. When firms are grouped into clusters, it becomes possible to optimize production and technological processes and minimize non-production costs at various enterprises. Thus, all cluster members receive additional competitive advantages under the influence of cumulative influence and specialization, which ensures an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in product costs.

An important distinguishing feature of the cluster is the factor of innovation orientation. Clusters, as a rule, are formed where a breakthrough advancement in the field of engineering and production technology is carried out or expected, and the subsequent entry into new market niches. In this regard, many countries - both economically developed and just starting to form a market economy - are increasingly using the cluster approach to support the most promising directions and forms entrepreneurial activity, in the formation and regulation of their innovation systems.

Activities to support clusters are called cluster policy and usually include the elimination of barriers to innovation, investment in human capital and physical infrastructure, facilitating the geographic concentration of related firms.

Enterprises operating within the same cluster system have an interconnected development strategy, determined not only by economic aspects (investment, financing), but also by organizational aspects that cluster enterprises use to respond to changes in the external environment of their activities. The cluster system combines elements of the market and hierarchical coordination of actions, cooperation, information and property ties. For example, an agro-industrial cluster is a territorially localized integrated structure of an innovative orientation with elements of a network organization, created on the basis of agricultural production, including various areas of the agro-industrial complex that are part of the value-added technological chain.

Cluster policy is usually seen as an alternative to anti-competitive measures of traditional industrial policy, which supports specific enterprises or industries.

The considered organizational structures in terms of their practical application require preliminary research economic efficiency based on simulation modeling of various implementation options.

virtual cooperation cluster

Literature

1. Oikhman E.G., Popov E.V. Business reengineering: reengineering of organizations and information technologies // M.: Finance and statistics, 1997. - 336 p.

2. E.I. Yablochnikov, V.I. Milkman, Yu.N. Fomin. Reengineering of business processes of design and production / Textbook - St. Petersburg: SPbGUITMO, 2008. - 152 p.

3. Porter M. Competition. Publishing House"Williams". M-SPb-Kyiv. 2006. - 602 p.

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