The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor. Code of Medical Ethics of the Russian Federation. Self-control on situational tasks

3) A set of moral norms that determine a person's attitude to his professional duty.

2. The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor is:

1) saving and preserving human life

The Informed Consent section is contained in the document:

a) Declaration on the policy of ensuring the rights of the patient in Europe

CONTINUE THE STATEMENT: “PROFESSIONAL HONOR AND Dignity on the Part of a Physician…

acts as a component of his moral character;

emphasizes the humanity of the medical profession;

promotes strengthening in the system "doctor-patient";

MEDICAL ERRORS ARE BASED ON:

objective external conditions of the doctor's work, environment and conditions;

insufficient training and experience of the doctor;

imperfection of methods of examination of the patient;

3 GROUPS OF IATROPATOGENIES:

iatropsychogeny;

iatrophysiogeny;

iatropharmacogeny;

ACCORDING TO THE CODE OF ETHICS OF THE RUSSIAN DOCTOR, THE DOCTOR HAS THE RIGHT:

3) refuse to work with the patient

A PHYSICIAN CANNOT REFUSE TO WORK WITH A PATIENT BY REPRESENTING HIM TO ANOTHER SPECIALIST IN THE FOLLOWING CASES:

3) for personal reasons

DISCLOSURE OF SECRETS DOES NOT BE CASES OF PROVISION OR TRANSFER OF MEDICAL INFORMATION:

2) without a court decision

ETHICS COMMITTEES MAY INCLUDE:

1) the staff of the medical institution

5) priests, public figures

IATROGENIC DISEASES IS:

2) psychogenic disorders arising as a result of deontological errors of medical workers

Unintentional harm that may be caused to a patient by the actions of a physician or other medical worker:

may be the result of unwillingness to think about possible negative consequences for the patient or be the result of uncontrollable external circumstances.

The nurse must:

be constantly ready to provide competent assistance to patients regardless of gender, age, nature of the disease

Patience of a nurse

needed in all cases of working life, in dealing with doctors, colleagues, nurses, when talking with patients and relatives.

Choose the appropriate definitions.

iatropsychogeny is

iatropharmacogeny is A

iatrophysiogeny is B

a) disorders associated with negative consequences drug therapy

b) diseases caused by the physical impact of medical measures

c) disorders caused by the impact on the psyche of the patient

Can social status be a criterion (basis) for making decisions about any medical and biological manipulations (organ harvesting or transplantation, cloning, euthanasia, genetic engineering manipulations, etc.)?

Informed consent of the patient is a prerequisite for any medical intervention. This rule is required to:

A) to ensure respect for the patient as an autonomous person who has the right to exercise his choice,

B) minimize the possibility of moral or physical harm that may be inflicted on the patient,

D) create conditions conducive to the formation of spiritual trust between the doctor and the patient.

Choose 3 basic ethical rules for the relationship between medical professionals and patients:

A) the truth rule

B) the rule of informed consent,

D) privacy policy.

In the Charter of Medical Professionals of the European Federation of Physicians, the American Society of Physicians of the American Council of Physicians (ABIM), it is mandatory for every doctor:

A) commitment to honest communication with patients,

INSERT THE MISSING WORD:

When graduates of the Berlin Medical School in the 18th century. took an oath, they said the following: “I will treat my ... politely and friendly, as required by the greatness of my profession, and I will be ready, without thinking about personal gain, to cooperate with them in the treatment of the patient”

colleagues

NAME THE FACTORS THAT ARE CAUSES OF STRESS IN THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A DOCTOR:

all options are correct

"DAILY PRAYER OF THE DOCTOR" CREATED: M. Maimonides

AT THE 2nd ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON ISSUES OF MEDICAL DEONTOLOGY G.Ya. YUZEFOVITCH PROPOSED TO DIVIDE IATROPATOGENIES INTO:

THE LIST OF "NINE RULES, THE FOLLOWING OF WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO INFLUENCE PEOPLE WITHOUT OFFENDING THEM OR CAUSING THEM A FEELING OF OFFENSE" DOES NOT INCLUDE THE RULE:

Maintain the topic of conversation chosen by the interlocutor.

In addition to medical ethics, the relationship of medical workers is regulated by:

legislative acts;

job descriptions;

administrative documents of public health authorities;

The causes of medical errors are:

imperfect research methods;

insufficient knowledge;

lack of conditions for assistance.

MORAL FUNCTIONS:

Regulatory;

cognitive;

IN THE TOTAL OF WHAT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DOES MORALITY WORK:

moral activity;

moral relations;

CUSTOMS DIFFER FROM MORAL STANDARDS:

customs imply unquestioning and literal obedience to his requirements;

customs are different for different peoples, eras, social groups;

LEGAL STANDARDS DIFFER FROM MORAL STANDARDS IN A NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS:

legal norms are binding;

legal norms are documented in laws, constitutions;

RELATE THE CONCEPTS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS:

A) moral choice spiritually

D) act

D) Behavior

1) the action performed by the subject

2) internal, subjective, conscious motivation

3) the most general concept of moral consciousness, a category of ethics that characterizes positive moral values.

4) a set of actions committed by the subject

5) the practical situation of self-determination of the individual in relation to principles, decisions and actions.

CORRECT ANSWER: A5 B3 C2 D1 D4

RELATE THE CONCEPTS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS:

D) conscience

1) a set of generally binding rules of conduct (norms) established or sanctioned by the state, compliance with which is ensured by measures of state influence

2) a philosophical discipline that studies the phenomena of morality and morality

3) the power of human influence on others, based on moral virtues

4) an element of a legal norm, which establishes the adverse consequences of non-compliance with the requirements provided for by this norm.

5) internal control, self-assessment of one's own intention or act in terms of its compliance with moral standards

CORRECT ANSWER: a1, B4, c3, G5, D2

WHO WAS CALLED THE “KNIGHT OF MEDICAL ETHICS”?

Manassein V.A.

TO WHOM THE PHRASE IS OWNED: “THE BEST DOCTOR IS ONE WHO IS ABLE TO INSPECT THE PATIENT WITH HOPE: IN MANY CASES THIS IS THE MOST EFFICIENT MEDICINE”

Botkin S.P.

RELATE:

a) Hippocratic Model

1) The main question: "How to achieve the patient's social trust?"

2) The following documents were written in the mode of this model: "Oath", "About the doctor", "About art"

MATCH QUESTION

1Prudence

2Poise

3Modesty

5Resentment

1 midway between promiscuity and insensitivity to pleasure

2 middle between anger and non-anger

3 the middle between shamelessness and modesty

4between extravagance and pettiness

5 the middle between envy and gloating.

ACCORDING TO THE ETHICAL VIEWS OF CONFUCIUS, REASONABILITY IS ...

2 virtue of 1 part from the rational parts of the soul; aimed at lower objects and associated with useful things for a person

ON WHOM IS EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH SYPHILIS AND GONORRHEA?

healthy people

paralytics

IN WHAT ORGANIZATIONS ARE THE PROBLEMS OF BIOETHICS CONSIDERED?

THE STATEMENT "IN PARACELSIOS WE SEE NOT ONLY THE FOUNDER IN THE FIELD OF CREATION OF CHEMICAL MEDICINES, BUT ALSO IN THE FIELD OF EMPERICAL PSYCHIC TREATMENT" BELONG TO:

4. K. G. Jung

IN PERCEVAL'S OPINION, THE DOCTOR SHOULD BEHAVE:

1. delicately

2. balanced

TOLSTOY AND HIS FAMILY TREATED:

1. G.A. Zakharyin

FOUNDER OF MODERN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE:

4. K. Bernard

PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS:

1. principle of justice

3. the principle of "do good"

4. the principle of "do no harm"

5. principle of respect for patient autonomy

PROFESSIONAL MORALITY IS...

Codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationship between people, which are optimal from the v.zr. fulfillment of their professional activity

Socio-philosophical interpretation of the culture of the humanistic purpose of this profession

WHEN CARRYING OUT EXPERIMENTS ON PRISONERS, MILITARY SERVICEMEN, ETC. THERE IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM THAT IN SUCH CASES:

it is difficult to guarantee genuine voluntary consent

COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION IS A DOCUMENT

ethical

guarantee, control

THE PRINCIPLE OF PRIVACY IS

Protection condition social status patient

confirmation and protection of privacy

expression of patients' trust in medical staff

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE NAMED WHEN THE PATIENT SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE SUPPLIED MEDICAL INTERVENTION, ASSOCIATED WITH IT, THE EXISTING RISK, POSSIBLE TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES:

autonomy of the individual

IN WHAT YEAR IS THE COURSE OF BIOETHICS INTRODUCED TO THE STATE STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL EDUCATION?

WHOSE QUOTE IS THIS - “WHAT DURING THE TREATMENT I DONT SEE OR HEARD REGARDING HUMAN LIFE, I WILL KEEP CLEAR ABOUT THAT, CONSIDERING SUCH THINGS A SECRET”?

Hippocrates

1. What are the types of morality?

professional

Family

Can you provide a proper definition for the term?

Bioethics

Deontology

A. a section of ethics that deals with the problems of duty and due.

B. is a system of norms for the moral behavior of a person or a group of people.

B. an area of interdisciplinary research aimed at comprehending, discussing and resolving moral problems generated by the latest achievements in biomedical science and healthcare practice.

G. in an objective sense, a system of generally binding, formally defined norms established and enforced by the power of the state and aimed at regulating the behavior of people and their teams in accordance with the foundations of socio-economic, political and spiritual life accepted in a given society

D. morality, a special form of social consciousness and the type of social relations.

1-C 2-A 3-B 4-D 5-D

IN WHAT YEAR WAS THE GENEVA DECLARATION ADOPTED?

WHICH DOCUMENT BETTER DISCUSSES HUMAN RIGHTS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS?

4) Declaration of Helsinki

THE PHYSICIAN'S CODE OF ETHICS IS BASED ON THE WORKS

percival

PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS:

The principle of respect for patient autonomy

The principle of "do good"

The principle of justice

CORRELATE THE TITLE OF THE DOCUMENTS WITH THE DATE OF THEIR ACCEPTANCE

Russian doctor's oath a) 1982

"Declaration of Helsinki b) November 1994

"Doctor's Code of Ethics" c) 1847

"Principles of Medical Ethics d) 1964

1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a

ELEMENTS OF THE INFORMED CONSENT PRINCIPLE

threshold elements

Information elements

Elements of Consent

YEAR OF ADOPTION OF THE “DECLARATION ON THE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF PROVISION OF THE RIGHTS OF PATIENTS IN EUROPE”

WHICH FAMOUS RUSSIAN DOCTOR PROMOTED HIPPOCRATES BEFORE TRANSLATIONS OF HIS WORKS APPEARED IN RUSSIA? 1. M.Ya.Mudrov;

MERITS F.P. HAAZA, WHO MADE HIM FAMOUS 1. guarded the special rights of prisoners to protection, protection of their health and medical care; 3.designed lightweight shackles; 4. He treated all patients, regardless of their social status, showing courage during the cholera epidemic;

CORRELATE THE DOCTOR AND THE IDEAS BELONGING TO HIM: 1. Hippocrates - A. Do no harm to the patient.

2. Paracelsus - B. Do good to the patient, do good.

3. Percival - V. Recognition of the doctor's obligations not only to patients, but also to other doctors, and to society as a whole

THE DECLARATION OF HELSIN, ADOPTED BY THE 18TH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY IN 1964 AND REVISED BY THE 29TH ASSEMBLY, SAYS: 1. Biomedical research involving human subjects must conform to recognized scientific principles.

3. Subjects must be volunteers - both healthy and sick.

5. The refusal of a patient to participate in an experiment should never affect his relationship with the doctor.

Source: StudFiles.net

PURPOSE: to form an idea about the subject of study and the main categories of pedagogy, about the importance of pedagogical knowledge in the professional activity of a doctor, about the content of the pedagogical function of medical workers.

MAIN QUESTIONS OF THE TOPIC:

1. The object of study and research problems, the main categories of pedagogy.

2. Pedagogical competence of the doctor.

3. Pedagogical function of a doctor.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE THEME: pedagogy, educational relations, development, psychological and pedagogical competence, pedagogical function.

1. In the conditions of medical activity, pedagogical knowledge becomes an integral part of the doctor's professional competence. The pedagogy of medical activity reflects the humanitarian and clinical styles of the doctor's professional thinking. She studies the formation and development of the human personality and develops on this basis theories and methods of education. The area of pedagogy research is the following problems:

The study of pedagogical patterns of development and formation of personality;

Determination of the goals of education;

Development of the content of education;

Research and development of methods of education.

Knowledge of other sciences is used to create a pedagogical theory. Pedagogy reveals connections, first of all, with psychology - a science that studies the patterns of development and functioning of the human psyche. There is a connection between pedagogy and biology - a science that studies the processes that occur in the human body and influence the degree of susceptibility to pedagogical influence. Knowledge of physiology and neurology makes it possible to take into account in pedagogy the features of the structure of the body and patterns of development nervous system human, as well as to identify their role in the training, education and development of people. In turn, pedagogical knowledge is in demand in many areas of knowledge and activities (for example, in medicine).

Pedagogy(V. S. Bezrukova) is defined as the science of educational relations aimed at human development and arising in the process of the relationship of upbringing, education, training with self-education, self-education and self-training. The object of study of pedagogy is a person developing in the process of educational relations. In this regard, the subject of study of this science is educational relations. Under educational relations understand the variety of relationships between people aimed at human development through upbringing, education and training. Development is an objective process of internal consistent quantitative and qualitative changes in the physical and spiritual forces of man. Physical development associated with a change in height, weight, strength, proportions of the human body. Physiological development is a change in body functions in the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive and reproductive systems. Under mental development understand the complication of a person's processes of reflecting reality (sensation, perception, memory, thinking, etc.), as well as such mental formations as needs, motives of activity, interests and values. social development characterized by the gradual entry of a person into society in its ideological, economic, industrial, legal and other relations. A person, having mastered these relations and his functions in them, becomes a member of society. The pinnacle of personal development is spiritual development which consists in a person's understanding of his high purpose in life, the emergence of a sense of responsibility to the present and future generations, understanding the complex nature of the universe and striving for constant moral improvement. A measure of spiritual development can be the degree of responsibility of a person for his physical, mental, social development for your life and the lives of others. Spiritual development is recognized as the core of the formation of personality in a person. The most important property of a person is the ability to develop, which is found in a person in the process of training and education. The physical, mental and social development of the individual is carried out under the influence of external and internal, social and natural, controlled and uncontrolled factors. It occurs in the process of assimilation by a person of values, norms, attitudes, patterns of behavior inherent in society at a given stage of development. If we talk about spiritual development, then its implementation largely depends on the presence of a person’s inner need to develop spiritually.

The categories of pedagogy include the most capacious and general concepts reflecting the essence of science, its established and typical properties. In any science, categories play a leading role, penetrating all scientific knowledge and linking it into an integral system. The main categories of pedagogy are learning, teaching, learning, education and upbringing.

In the pedagogical literature, there are many definitions of the category learning , which is considered from the standpoint of both the result and the process. learning called a process aimed at the formation of certain knowledge, skills, social experience and personal qualities person. Under learning understand the interaction between teachers and learners, the purpose of which is the direct exchange of experience (values, norms, knowledge, skills) of generations. Education is defined as a way of organizing the educational process. It is the most appropriate way to receive a systematic education, including teaching and learning. teaching- the activity of the teacher, aimed at the transfer of information, the organization of educational and cognitive activities, assistance in case of difficulties in the learning process, stimulation of interest, independence and creativity of students, as well as the assessment of educational achievements. Teaching the activity of the student is called, which consists in the development, consolidation and application of knowledge, skills and abilities; in the search for and solution of educational problems, self-assessment of educational achievements; in understanding the personal meaning and social significance of cultural values and human experience, processes and phenomena of the surrounding reality. It should be noted that the effectiveness of training is determined by the degree of mutual efforts of the teacher and the student.

The goals and content of training are realized through pedagogical technologies. One of the definitions of the concept of "pedagogical technology" is a set of psychological and pedagogical attitudes that offer special set forms, methods, teaching methods and educational means presented in a certain sequence. Medical technology, like pedagogical technology, includes a system of methods of influence that correspond to its purpose and purpose. In healthcare, the following medical technologies are used:

- prevention designed to protect against diseases by preventing their occurrence, reducing the risk of disease and to combat their spread and consequences;

- screening is aimed at identifying diseases, as well as risk factors in the absence of signs of the disease in a state of pre-illness;

- treatment aims to improve or maintain the clinical condition of the patient, prevent the progression of the disease or achieve temporary relief;

- rehabilitation is designed to restore the somatic, personal and social status of the patient.

Education- the process and result of a person's assimilation of the experience of generations in the form of a system of knowledge, skills, abilities and relations of a given society.

Upbringing consists in the purposeful formation of a person's personality, which is characterized by a certain attitude to objects, phenomena of the surrounding world, worldview and behavior as a manifestation of attitude and worldview (education, if it is not violence, is impossible without self-education).

The concepts of "self-education", "self-education", "self-education" in pedagogy describe the inner world of a person, his ability to develop independently. Upbringing, education and training are external conditions and means of awakening a person's ability to develop independently. In this regard, philosophers, psychologists and educators argue that the driving forces of human development, motivating self-learning, self-education and self-education, are embedded in his inner world.

Self-learning called the process of directly gaining experience by a person with the help of his own aspirations and his own chosen means. Under self-education understand the system of internal self-organization for the assimilation of the experience of generations, aimed at a person's own development. self-education is defined as the process of assimilation by a person of the experience of previous generations through internal mental factors that ensure its development.

A doctor, due to the peculiarities of his professional activity, associated with increased responsibility not only for his own actions, but also for the life and health of another person, needs to engage in self-education and self-education throughout his life in order to improve special knowledge, skills, as well as spiritual aspects. personality.

2. In the history of medicine, there are two doctrines of health: Western and Eastern. Western (rationalist) is based on the Socratic thesis: a man know himself. Eastern doctrine (empathic, sensual) is based on the Confucian thesis: man, create yourself. Perhaps the physician must agree on the need to combine the approaches of these doctrines to treatment. A modern doctor, combining the functions of a healer and an educator, needs to treat a person from the position of knowing and creating yourself. It is this “self-creation of oneself” that is the main thing in the doctor’s activity. Consequently, the immediate task of medicine is to use and stimulate the functional reserves of a person by traditional and non-traditional methods, which will allow to realize the fundamental principle of medicine - to treat not the disease, but the patient. In this regard, the need for psychological and pedagogical training of a doctor is revealed.

The pedagogical competence of a doctor is one of the components of his professional competence, which meets the requirements not only of the State educational standard but also real life. It is formed in the process of pedagogical training of a doctor. Pedagogical training is a continuous controlled process of formation of readiness for pedagogical activity. This type of training has an integrative property, which allows us to define it as a system that combines the basic knowledge and skills of a doctor in medicine with the possibilities of his special and pedagogical interaction with patients, based on the experience and traditions of the peoples living in the area. The formation of pedagogical competence will allow the doctor to more effectively solve the problem of improving the health of the population and, thus, will contribute to the activation internal forces both the patients themselves and the public potential of the country.

Level of formation pedagogical competence doctor is determined by the amount of pedagogical knowledge, skills and abilities. Pedagogical competence includes three structural components:

1) professionally defined concept I am a doctor-teacher(in professional activity, in communication, in the system of one's own personality), which provides positional self-determination in three components: in the system of professional activity, in the system of professional communication and in understanding one's inner world;

2) information-instrumental readiness for activity (normative, heuristic, creative - as the design of one's own activity);

3) professional and activity consciousness of a doctor, focused on the values of personality development and understanding of the means (norms) of pedagogical activity.

Pedagogical competence allows to realize the pedagogical function of a doctor.

3. The pedagogical function of a doctor due to the nature of the medical profession. It lies in the need to educate, develop and educate patients in the process of treatment, since recovery depends on the efforts of both sides of the interaction. We are talking about teaching patients elementary actions that contribute to recovery and educating them in their desire for a healthy lifestyle. A doctor needs to explain to a person the features of the course of his disease in an accessible way, teach the patient therapeutic and preventive actions, teach the patient's relatives how to properly care for a sick person, be able to draw up and implement medical preventive and rehabilitation programs, share experience with colleagues, train the average medical staff and continue to educate yourself.

The pedagogical function of a doctor is realized in professional communication. Under professional communication understand the doctor's communication with patients and their relatives, with colleagues and the public. In the process of professional communication, the doctor influences patients not only through clinical skills, but also through psychological techniques: demeanor, facial expressions, voice timbre, pace and dynamics of speech, gestures, etc. Before exercising pedagogical influence, the doctor must:

Recognize and identify the purpose of your impact;

Take into account the age (if possible, individual) characteristics of those who will be affected;

Choose the means of influence based on the purpose and characteristics of those who will be affected.

The means of influence available to every doctor are:

Personality (personal example) of a doctor (expresses attitude to his profession, to the implementation official duties);

Speech (word) (expresses the professional competence of a medical worker);

Appearance(expresses attitude towards oneself and to other people).

The process of realization of the pedagogical function of a doctor is influenced by his pedagogical culture. Pedagogical culture of a doctor in the individual-personal plan, it is considered as an essential characteristic of a holistic personality, which is a dynamic system of formed values of activity and professional behavior. Distinctive features of the doctor's pedagogical culture are: an active personal position, a broad professional outlook, modern medical thinking, a high level of competence in professional and pedagogical activities, true professionalism in the complex solution of spiritual and physiological problems, a creative attitude to business, the ability for moral self-regulation and self-development. In pedagogical culture, as opposed to authoritarian-bureaucratic relations with patients, the doctor's intelligence is manifested, which forms the perception of a suffering person as a subject of healing, and not an object of drug exposure.

3) A set of moral norms that determine a person's attitude to his professional duty.

2. The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor is:

1) saving and preserving human life

The Informed Consent section is contained in the document:

a) Declaration on the policy of ensuring the rights of the patient in Europe

CONTINUE THE STATEMENT: “PROFESSIONAL HONOR AND Dignity on the Part of a Physician…

acts as a component of his moral character;

emphasizes the humanity of the medical profession;

promotes strengthening in the system "doctor-patient";

MEDICAL ERRORS ARE BASED ON:

objective external conditions of the doctor's work, environment and conditions;

insufficient training and experience of the doctor;

imperfection of methods of examination of the patient;

3 GROUPS OF IATROPATOGENIES:

iatropsychogeny;

iatrophysiogeny;

iatropharmacogeny;

ACCORDING TO THE CODE OF ETHICS OF THE RUSSIAN DOCTOR, THE DOCTOR HAS THE RIGHT:

3) refuse to work with the patient

A PHYSICIAN CANNOT REFUSE TO WORK WITH A PATIENT BY REPRESENTING HIM TO ANOTHER SPECIALIST IN THE FOLLOWING CASES:

3) for personal reasons

DISCLOSURE OF SECRETS DOES NOT BE CASES OF PROVISION OR TRANSFER OF MEDICAL INFORMATION:

2) without a court decision

ETHICS COMMITTEES MAY INCLUDE:

1) the staff of the medical institution

5) priests, public figures

IATROGENIC DISEASES IS:

2) psychogenic disorders arising as a result of deontological errors of medical workers

Unintentional harm that may be caused to a patient by the actions of a doctor or other healthcare professional:

may be the result of unwillingness to think about possible negative consequences for the patient or be the result of uncontrollable external circumstances.

The nurse must:

be constantly ready to provide competent assistance to patients regardless of gender, age, nature of the disease

Patience of a nurse

needed in all cases of working life, in dealing with doctors, colleagues, nurses, when talking with patients and relatives.

Choose the appropriate definitions.

iatropsychogeny is

iatropharmacogeny is A

iatrophysiogeny is B

a) disorders associated with the negative consequences of drug therapy

b) diseases caused by the physical impact of medical measures

c) disorders caused by the impact on the psyche of the patient

Informed consent of the patient is a prerequisite for any medical intervention. This rule is required to:

A) to ensure respect for the patient as an autonomous person who has the right to exercise his choice,

B) minimize the possibility of moral or physical harm that may be inflicted on the patient,

D) create conditions conducive to the formation of spiritual trust between the doctor and the patient.

Choose 3 basic ethical rules for the relationship between medical professionals and patients:

A) the truth rule

B) the rule of informed consent,

D) privacy policy.

In the Charter of Medical Professionals of the European Federation of Physicians, the American Society of Physicians of the American Council of Physicians (ABIM), it is mandatory for every doctor:

A) commitment to honest communication with patients,

INSERT THE MISSING WORD:

colleagues

NAME THE FACTORS THAT ARE CAUSES OF STRESS IN THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A DOCTOR:

all options are correct

"DAILY PRAYER OF THE DOCTOR" CREATED: M. Maimonides

AT THE 2nd ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON ISSUES OF MEDICAL DEONTOLOGY G.Ya. YUZEFOVITCH PROPOSED TO DIVIDE IATROPATOGENIES INTO:

THE LIST OF "NINE RULES, THE FOLLOWING OF WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO INFLUENCE PEOPLE WITHOUT OFFENDING THEM OR CAUSING THEM A FEELING OF OFFENSE" DOES NOT INCLUDE THE RULE:

Maintain the topic of conversation chosen by the interlocutor.

In addition to medical ethics, the relationship of medical workers is regulated by:

legislative acts;

job descriptions;

administrative documents of public health authorities;

The causes of medical errors are:

imperfect research methods;

insufficient knowledge;

lack of conditions for assistance.

MORAL FUNCTIONS:

Regulatory;

cognitive;

IN THE TOTAL OF WHAT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DOES MORALITY WORK:

moral activity;

moral relations;

CUSTOMS DIFFER FROM MORAL STANDARDS:

customs imply unquestioning and literal obedience to his requirements;

customs are different for different peoples, eras, social groups;

LEGAL STANDARDS DIFFER FROM MORAL STANDARDS IN A NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS:

legal norms are binding;

legal norms are documented in laws, constitutions;

RELATE THE CONCEPTS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS:

A) moral choice spiritually

D) act

D) Behavior

1) the action performed by the subject

2) internal, subjective, conscious motivation

3) the most general concept of moral consciousness, a category of ethics that characterizes positive moral values.

4) a set of actions committed by the subject

5) the practical situation of self-determination of the individual in relation to principles, decisions and actions.

CORRECT ANSWER: A5 B3 C2 D1 D4

RELATE THE CONCEPTS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS:

D) conscience

1) a set of generally binding rules of conduct (norms) established or sanctioned by the state, compliance with which is ensured by measures of state influence

2) a philosophical discipline that studies the phenomena of morality and morality

3) the power of human influence on others, based on moral virtues

4) an element of a legal norm, which establishes the adverse consequences of non-compliance with the requirements provided for by this norm.

5) internal control, self-assessment of one's own intention or act in terms of its compliance with moral standards

CORRECT ANSWER: a1, B4, c3, G5, D2

WHO WAS CALLED THE “KNIGHT OF MEDICAL ETHICS”?

Manassein V.A.

TO WHOM THE PHRASE IS OWNED: “THE BEST DOCTOR IS ONE WHO IS ABLE TO INSPECT THE PATIENT WITH HOPE: IN MANY CASES THIS IS THE MOST EFFICIENT MEDICINE”

Botkin S.P.

RELATE:

a) Hippocratic Model

1) The main question: "How to achieve the patient's social trust?"

2) The following documents were written in the mode of this model: "Oath", "About the doctor", "About art"

MATCH QUESTION

1Prudence

2Poise

3Modesty

5Resentment

1 midway between promiscuity and insensitivity to pleasure

2 middle between anger and non-anger

3 the middle between shamelessness and modesty

4between extravagance and pettiness

5 the middle between envy and gloating.

ACCORDING TO THE ETHICAL VIEWS OF CONFUCIUS, REASONABILITY IS ...

2 virtue of 1 part from the rational parts of the soul; aimed at lower objects and associated with useful things for a person

ON WHOM IS EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH SYPHILIS AND GONORRHEA?

healthy people

paralytics

IN WHAT ORGANIZATIONS ARE THE PROBLEMS OF BIOETHICS CONSIDERED?

THE STATEMENT "IN PARACELSIOS WE SEE NOT ONLY THE FOUNDER IN THE FIELD OF CREATION OF CHEMICAL MEDICINES, BUT ALSO IN THE FIELD OF EMPERICAL PSYCHIC TREATMENT" BELONG TO:

4. K. G. Jung

IN PERCEVAL'S OPINION, THE DOCTOR SHOULD BEHAVE:

1. delicately

2. balanced

TOLSTOY AND HIS FAMILY TREATED:

1. G.A. Zakharyin

FOUNDER OF MODERN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE:

4. K. Bernard

PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS:

1. principle of justice

3. the principle of "do good"

4. the principle of "do no harm"

5. principle of respect for patient autonomy

PROFESSIONAL MORALITY IS...

Codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationship between people, which are optimal from the v.zr. performance of their professional activities

Socio-philosophical interpretation of the culture of the humanistic purpose of this profession

WHEN CARRYING OUT EXPERIMENTS ON PRISONERS, MILITARY SERVICEMEN, ETC. THERE IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM THAT IN SUCH CASES:

it is difficult to guarantee genuine voluntary consent

COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION IS A DOCUMENT

ethical

guarantee, control

THE PRINCIPLE OF PRIVACY IS

A condition for protecting the social status of the patient

confirmation and protection of privacy

expression of patients' trust in medical staff

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE NAMED WHEN THE PATIENT SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE SUPPLIED MEDICAL INTERVENTION, ASSOCIATED WITH IT, THE EXISTING RISK, POSSIBLE TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES:

autonomy of the individual

IN WHAT YEAR IS THE COURSE OF BIOETHICS INTRODUCED TO THE STATE STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL EDUCATION?

WHOSE QUOTE IS THIS - “WHAT DURING THE TREATMENT I DONT SEE OR HEARD REGARDING HUMAN LIFE, I WILL KEEP CLEAR ABOUT THAT, CONSIDERING SUCH THINGS A SECRET”?

Hippocrates

1. What are the types of morality?

professional

Family

Can you provide a proper definition for the term?

Bioethics

Deontology

A. a section of ethics that deals with the problems of duty and due.

B. is a system of norms for the moral behavior of a person or a group of people.

B. an area of interdisciplinary research aimed at comprehending, discussing and resolving moral problems generated by the latest achievements in biomedical science and healthcare practice.

D. morality, a special form of social consciousness and the type of social relations.

1-C 2-A 3-B 4-D 5-D

IN WHAT YEAR WAS THE GENEVA DECLARATION ADOPTED?

WHICH DOCUMENT BETTER DISCUSSES HUMAN RIGHTS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS?

4) Declaration of Helsinki

THE PHYSICIAN'S CODE OF ETHICS IS BASED ON THE WORKS

percival

PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS:

The principle of respect for patient autonomy

The principle of "do good"

The principle of justice

CORRELATE THE TITLE OF THE DOCUMENTS WITH THE DATE OF THEIR ACCEPTANCE

Russian doctor's oath a) 1982

"Declaration of Helsinki b) November 1994

"Doctor's Code of Ethics" c) 1847

"Principles of Medical Ethics d) 1964

1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a

ELEMENTS OF THE INFORMED CONSENT PRINCIPLE

threshold elements

Information elements

Elements of Consent

YEAR OF ADOPTION OF THE “DECLARATION ON THE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF PROVISION OF THE RIGHTS OF PATIENTS IN EUROPE”

WHICH FAMOUS RUSSIAN DOCTOR PROMOTED HIPPOCRATES BEFORE TRANSLATIONS OF HIS WORKS APPEARED IN RUSSIA? 1. M.Ya.Mudrov;

MERITS F.P. HAAZA, THAT GLORED HIM 1. guarded the special rights of prisoners to protection, protection of their health and medical care; 3.designed lightweight shackles; 4. He treated all patients, regardless of their social status, showing courage during the cholera epidemic;

CORRELATE THE DOCTOR AND THE IDEAS BELONGING TO HIM: 1. Hippocrates - A. Do no harm to the patient.

2. Paracelsus - B. Do good to the patient, do good.

3. Percival - V. Recognition of the doctor's obligations not only to patients, but also to other doctors, and to society as a whole

3. Subjects must be volunteers - both healthy and sick.

5. The refusal of a patient to participate in an experiment should never affect his relationship with the doctor.

Biomedical ethics as a form of professional protection of the doctor's personality.

Codes of ethics in medicine (“Nuremberg Code” (1947), “Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine” (Council of Europe, 1997)

Modern views on the relationship between doctor and patient

Ethical committees: goals, objectives, powers.

Historical aspects of the development of the relationship between the doctor and the patient

Biomedical ethics and medical law: relationship problems.

The ethics of the secular "dress of the Aesculapius" and the student.

6. Self-control on test tasks of this topic:

1 . main goal The professional activity of a doctor is:

1) saving and preserving human life

2) social trust in the medical profession

3) respect for colleagues

4) material gain

5) personal growth

2. The main distinguishing feature of the professional ethics of a doctor is:

1) the right to deviant behavior

2) conscious choice of moral principles and rules of conduct

3) criminal liability for non-compliance with professional ethical standards

4) the unconditional need to subordinate personal interests to corporate

5) the priority of the interests of medical science over the interests of a particular patient

3. Medicine and ethics are united by:

1) a person as a subject of study

2) research methods

3) mastering the techniques of overcoming conflicts in human relationships

4) the desire to know the mechanisms of human behavior and to manage it

5) focus on achieving the financial well-being of a person

4. The correct definition of biomedical ethics as a science is:

1) the science of the relationship of living beings among themselves

2) the science of the nature and meaning of moral relationships and moral principles

3) the science of due

4) the science of the ability to behave correctly in society

5) the science of the social, legal, ethical consequences of a new biomedical technology

5. Morality is a concept that defines:

1) a set of subjective reactions and forms of human behavior

2) a propensity for goodness and the ability to endure the hardships and hardships of everyday life

3) part of philosophy

4) culture-classified mores

5) a cultural and historical phenomenon, which consists in the ability of a person to help another person

6. Etiquette is a form of behavior that means

1) recognition of the importance of special rules of conduct in social and professional relations

3) special conditional politeness

4) the science of the nature and meaning of moral relationships and moral principles

5) a person's ability to social adaptation

7. Morality is:

1) relations and mores of people classified by culture according to the criterion of “good-evil”

2) the totality of scientific facts

3) strict observance of laws and the constitution

4) mind game

5) the field of scientific knowledge concerning the general laws of the development of society

8. Basic principles of bioethics:

1) do no harm, do good

2) the principle of informed consent

3) the principle of justice

4) respect for patient autonomy

5) all of the above are correct

9. The moral regulation of medical activity differs from the legal one:

1) freedom of choice of action

2) the arbitrariness of the motive of activity

3) criminal impunity

4) social approval

5) the presence of monetary interest

10. Iatrogenic disorders currently include disorders associated with:

1) negative verbal impact on the patient

2) irrational use of medicines

3) incorrect production of diagnostic manipulations

4) improper production of medical manipulations

5) all of the above are correct

Sample answers: 1 - 1 2 - 2 3 - 1 4 - 5 5 - 1 6 - 1 7 - 1 8 - 5 9 - 1 10 - 5

7. Self-control on situational tasks

1. An ambulance responded to a call: a 40-year-old woman was torn off 2 fingers of her right hand, which hang on a skin flap (a concrete slab fell on her hand). The ambulance doctor, being unwell himself, naturally wanted to finish the job as quickly as possible. But when the woman was brought to the hospital, and it turned out that hand microsurgery was not performed there, he refused to leave the woman in this hospital and, overcoming his own ill health, instructed to go to another hospital where the woman could receive real help.

What moral and ethical ideas underlay the doctor's actions?

Answer: Moral and ethical ideas, characteristic of the model of Hippocrates and Paracelsus.

2. Most of the patients who are in the clinic for critical ischemia of the lower extremities, due to their pronounced atherosclerotic lesion, are indicated for surgical treatment - a bypass operation to restore blood flow in the arterial bed. However, for about half of the patients, treatment is limited to a conservative method, since preference is given to young solvent patients who will continue to comply with the prescribed regimen, stop smoking, and will be able to purchase expensive antiplatelet drugs, i.e. will justify the costs of the state, on whose money expensive prostheses are purchased.

What determines such an approach?

Answer: Such an approach is determined by economic feasibility, which is contrary to the fundamental principles of biomedical ethics.

3. The resuscitator recommends that parents, in order to improve the condition of a newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, purchase an imported surfactant, for which he will receive a financial reward from representatives of the manufacturer. At the same time, he does not inform parents about the existence of other equally effective and cheaper analogues of domestic production.

Answer: financial incentives.

4. The amount of funds allocated for the examination and treatment of patients is limited by the law on compulsory medical insurance. In some cases, this leads to the fact that the patient cannot undergo such an examination. This law also restricts the actions of a doctor who is forced either to refuse to prescribe an examination that, from his point of view, is necessary, or to look for ways to circumvent this law.

It has a particularly negative impact on patients in large hospitals, where people come from all cities of the country.

What are the ethical grounds for this law?

Answer: the ethical basis is the need to provide medical care to all patients based on the economic possibilities of healthcare (a pragmatic type of ethical theories).

5. Working at the Institute of Surgery. A.V. Vishnevsky, a young intern witnessed the following incident. During the duty there was a recurrence of bleeding in a patient who underwent a complex operation on the hip 3-4 days ago. The doctor who operated on him immediately arrived at the department, although he lived on the other side of Moscow, and the operation to stop the bleeding could have been performed by the surgeon on duty at that time, a competent specialist, candidate of medical sciences. And only after some time it turned out that because of this visit, the doctor and his family did not get to the most interesting performance, tickets for which were almost impossible to get, and which he really wanted to attend.

What determined the act of the doctor who sacrificed the family holiday?

Answer: The doctor fulfilled his medical duty by following the deontological approach in relation to the patient.

6. A 35-year-old patient with a benign tumor of the cervical spinal cord experienced a complete rupture of the spinal cord during surgery. The patient has only cranial nerves and completely preserved consciousness. Artificial lung ventilation (ALV) has been going on for 2 years, and the patient categorically insists on stopping it. The doctor decides not to continue IVL.

What ethical considerations determined the doctor's decision?

Answer: The doctor's actions are based on pragmatic ideas about professional ethics, which does not comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

7. A 25-year-old girl was delivered to the emergency department of the hospital from the scene of an accident by an ambulance in a serious condition. During the operation, clinical death was stated, and resuscitation did not bring a positive effect. A proposal was received from the donor center to remove intact organs for transplantation, but resuscitators continued resuscitation.

What moral and ethical views were guided by resuscitators?

Answer: The removal of organs is possible only if the death of the brain is ascertained, resuscitators were guided by the principles of deontology and the law of the Russian Federation.

8. The polyclinic received a house call to a 47-year-old man suffering from arterial hypertension. He was examined by a local therapist, diagnosed with "Hypertensive crisis". A consultation with a neurologist was scheduled. When examined by a neurologist, subarachnoid hemorrhage was suspected, but the patient categorically refused hospitalization, saying that this was a normal crisis and everything would be fine. Only thanks to the perseverance of the neurologist and the head of the polyclinic, the patient was persuaded to go to the hospital, where the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage was confirmed, appropriate treatment was prescribed, and after a course of therapy, the patient was discharged practically healthy.

With what moral ideas was the perseverance of doctors associated?

Answer: With deontological ideas.

9. There is no round-the-clock endoscopic service in the emergency hospital, but patients with emergency surgical pathology, including gastrointestinal bleeding, are admitted around the clock. Endoscopic hemostasis is recognized as the most effective and safe way to stop bleeding. In the absence of the last patient, they try to treat conservatively and, if ineffective, perform surgical intervention, which is extremely unfavorable for him in conditions of anemia, violations of the water and electrolyte balance.

Upon admission of a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding, the responsible surgeon calls the endoscopist, who arrives at the clinic at any time of the day and stops the bleeding. It should be noted that night work endoscopist is not paid.

What moral and ethical ideas determine the behavior of an endoscopist?

Answer: Doctors follow the principles of the Hippocratic model, Paracelsus, deontology.

10. The elder sister of the department suffers from a demyelinating disease of the brain. Against the background of ongoing therapy, it is possible to achieve minimally progressive changes, however, irreversible changes already exist, and they limit the working regime. She continues to work in the department, but does not cope with her duties. Part of the team feels sorry for her, part believes that she should move to a lower position or quit. Every day there are conflicts against the background of inconsistency in the work of the staff of the department. Doctors, assessing the conflict situation, advised her to leave the post. In the conditions of shortage and lack of personnel, the head of the department left the woman to act as the elder sister.

What motives determined the decision of the head of the department?

Answer: The decision is dictated by a pragmatic approach, production necessity.

I. THE DOCTOR AND SOCIETY

The subject of special concern of the state and society is the provision and preservation of the life and health of citizens. The full protection of the health of the people and the provision of conditions that allow it to exist and develop with dignity are the criteria for the moral policy of the state. In the implementation of this social task, a large role belongs to the doctor, his professional activities and moral position.
The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor (practitioner and scientist) is the preservation of human life, the prevention of diseases and the restoration of health, as well as the reduction of suffering in incurable diseases. The doctor performs his duties, following the voice of conscience, guided by the Hippocratic oath, the principles of humanism and mercy, the documents of the world community on ethics, art. 41 of the Constitution of Russia and the legislation of the Russian Federation "On the right of citizens to health care and medical care".
The doctor bears full responsibility for his decisions and actions. To do this, he must systematically improve professionally, remembering that the quality of care provided to patients can never be higher than his knowledge and skills. In his activities, the doctor must use the latest achievements of medical science, known to him and allowed for use by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
The motives of material, personal gain should not influence the doctor's professional decision.
The doctor should not accept incentives from drug manufacturers and distributors for prescribing the drugs they offer.
When prescribing medicines, the doctor must be strictly guided by medical indications and exclusively in the interests of the patient.
Both in peacetime and in wartime, a doctor must provide medical care to anyone in need of it, regardless of age, gender, race, nationality, religion, social status, political views, citizenship and other non-medical factors, including financial situation.
The doctor must conscientiously fulfill his obligations in relation to the institution in which he works.
Physicians who teach students and young professionals their behavior and attitude to the performance of their duties should be an example worthy of emulation.
The doctor is obliged by the means available to him (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, conversations, etc.) to promote a healthy lifestyle, to be an example in observing social and professional ethical standards.
A doctor may engage in any other activity, if it is compatible with professional independence, does not degrade the dignity of the doctor and does not harm patients and his medical practice.
In accordance with Art. 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the conditions of state medical institutions, the doctor provides assistance to patients free of charge.
Right to private practice doctor is regulated by law.
Free treatment of other doctors and their closest relatives, as well as widows and orphans, is the duty of the Russian doctor and an element of professional morality.
The humane goals that the doctor serves give him reason to demand the legal protection of his personal dignity, sufficient material support, and the creation of conditions for the implementation of professional activities both in peacetime and in wartime.
Participating in organizational ( provided by law RF) forms of protest, the doctor is not released from the obligation to provide the necessary medical care to patients under his supervision.
The doctor is obliged to contribute to medical associations and associations, actively participating in their work, as well as carrying out their instructions.
For his medical activity, the doctor primarily bears moral responsibility to the patient and the medical community, and for violation of laws Russian Federation- before the court. But the doctor must first of all remember that the main judge on his medical path is his own conscience.
Control over compliance with medical ethics is carried out by professional associations and ethical committees (commissions) created under them.
The Russian Medical Association and its Ethics Committee (EC) uphold and defend in the media, society (the state) and in court the honor and dignity of a doctor, if such a decision is made collectively.

II. DOCTOR AND PATIENT

The doctor is responsible for the quality of medical care provided to patients. In his work, he must be guided by the laws of the Russian Federation in force normative documents for medical practice ( medical standards), but within the framework of these prescriptions, taking into account the characteristics of the disease, choose those methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment that he considers the most effective in each case, guided by the interests of the patient. If necessary, the doctor is obliged to use the help of his colleagues.
The doctor should not expose the patient to unjustified risk, and even more so use his knowledge for inhumane purposes. When choosing any method of treatment, the doctor must first of all be guided by the commandment "Non nocere!".
Except in cases emergency care When he is obliged to take measures that do not aggravate the patient's condition, the doctor has the right to refuse to treat the patient if he is sure that there is no necessary mutual trust between him and the patient, if he feels insufficiently competent or does not have the necessary opportunities for treatment. In these and similar cases, the doctor should take all measures to inform the relevant health authority about this and recommend a competent specialist to the patient.
The doctor must respect the patient's right to choose a doctor and participate in decision-making about the implementation of treatment and preventive measures. Voluntary consent of the patient to treatment is usually obtained by the doctor during a personal conversation with the patient. This consent must be informed, the patient must be informed about the methods of treatment, the consequences of their use, in particular, about possible complications, and other alternative methods of treatment. Carrying out treatment and diagnostic measures without the consent of the patient is allowed only in cases of a threat to the life and health of the patient and his inability to adequately assess the situation. It is preferable to make decisions in such cases collectively. In the treatment of persons suffering from mental illness, the doctor must be guided by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Psychiatric Care and Guarantees of the Rights of Citizens in its Provision". When treating a child, the doctor is obliged to provide full information to his parents or guardians, to obtain their consent to the use of a particular method of treatment or medicine.
The doctor must respect the honor and dignity of the patient, treat him kindly, respect his rights to personal secrecy, understand the concerns of relatives and friends about the patient's condition with understanding, but at the same time he should not interfere in the private affairs of the patient without sufficient professional reasons and members of his family.
If the patient is unable to give informed consent, it must be given by the patient's legal representative or permanent guardian.
The patient has the right to comprehensive information about the state of his health, but he can refuse it or indicate the person to whom the state of his health should be reported. Information may be withheld from the patient in cases where there are good reasons to believe that it could cause serious harm to him. However, at the request clearly expressed by the patient, the doctor is obliged to provide him with complete information. In the event of an unfavorable prognosis for the patient, it is necessary to inform him extremely delicately and carefully, leaving hope for a life extension, for a possible favorable outcome.
At the request of the patient, the doctor must not interfere with the exercise of his right to consultation by another doctor.
Self-promotion when communicating with a doctor is unacceptable.
If a mistake is made or unforeseen complications develop in the course of treatment, the doctor is obliged to inform the patient about this, if necessary, the health authority, a senior colleague, and immediately proceed with actions aimed at correcting the harmful consequences, without waiting for instructions to do so.
When selecting patients requiring complex preventive, diagnostic and especially therapeutic (for example, organ transplantation, etc.) measures, doctors who are forced to prioritize care should proceed from strict medical indications and make decisions independently, and preferably collectively, with the participation of members of the ethics committee (commission).
A doctor can practice medicine only under his own surname, without using a pseudonym and without indicating titles, degrees, titles that have not been officially assigned.

III. COLLEGIATION OF DOCTORS

Throughout his life, the doctor is obliged to maintain respect and a sense of gratitude for the one who taught him the art of healing.
The doctor is obliged to protect the honor and noble traditions of the medical community. Physicians should treat each other with respect and kindness.
A doctor has no right to publicly question the professional qualifications of another doctor or otherwise discredit him. Professional remarks addressed to a colleague must be reasoned, made in a non-offensive form, preferably in a personal conversation, before the medical community is informed about them or the issue is submitted for discussion by the ethical committee (commission). The medical community has an obligation to assist the doctor in restoring his professional reputation.
In difficult clinical cases, experienced physicians should give advice and help to less experienced colleagues in a correct manner. But only the attending physician bears full responsibility for the treatment process, who has the right to accept the recommendations of colleagues or refuse them, guided solely by the interests of the patient.
Doctors-heads of scientific and medical institutions are obliged to take care of improving the professional qualifications of their subordinate colleagues.
Doctors are obliged to treat other medical and auxiliary personnel of the institution with respect, constantly taking care of improving their qualifications.

IV. MEDICAL SECRECY

Every patient has the right to privacy, and the doctor, as well as other persons involved in the provision of medical care, is obliged to maintain medical secrecy even after the death of the patient, as well as the very fact of seeking medical help, unless the patient ordered otherwise.
The secret extends to all information obtained in the process of treatment and treatment of the patient (diagnosis, treatment methods, prognosis, etc.).
Medical information about a patient may be disclosed:
- with the express written consent of the patient himself;
- at the motivated request of the bodies of inquiry, investigation, prosecutor's office and court;
- if the maintenance of secrecy significantly threatens the health and life of the patient and (or) other persons (dangerous infectious diseases);
- in the case of involvement in the treatment of other specialists for whom this information is professionally necessary.
The doctor must ensure that persons involved in the treatment of the patient also observe professional secrecy.
Persons exercising the right of access to medical information are obliged to keep confidential all information received about the patient.
In progress scientific research, teaching students and improving doctors, medical secrecy must be observed. Demonstration of the patient is possible only with his consent.

V. RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL TESTING

Before starting biomedical research, including the testing of new drugs, dietary supplements, methods of examination and treatment methods, the doctor must obtain consent to conduct them from the ethical committee (commission or academic council) of the institution with the approval of the plan (protocol) of the proposed study, in which be clearly defined goals and ethical aspects, the course of the experiment, possible complications.
The subject, after becoming acquainted with the goals, methods, potential benefits and possible risks, must give his explicit written consent to participate in the study, which, at the request of the patient, can be freely denounced by him at any stage.
For patients unable to give informed consent to participate in a study, consent must be obtained in writing from a parent or other legal representative - legally responsible person. Such research can only be carried out in the interests of saving life, restoring or maintaining the health of the researcher, without causing him harm, deterioration of health and the course of an existing disease.
Biomedical research on humans can be carried out by doctors in the following cases:
- if they serve to improve the health of patients participating in the experiment;
- if they make a significant contribution to medical science and practice;
- if the results of previous studies and scientific literature do not indicate a risk of complications.
Biomedical research in humans should be carried out by scientifically qualified research physicians under the supervision of competent professionals. Researchers are obliged to interrupt the test in cases of the appearance of signs that are dangerous to the life and health of the test subject. Testing on pregnant women, fetuses and newborns is prohibited.
The testers are obliged to insure their liability in case of inadvertent harm to the health of the testees.
In experiments on animals, the physician-researcher must observe the principles of humanity, alleviating their suffering as far as possible, and strive to reduce the number of experimental animals to the maximum extent possible.
The doctor, after registering the copyright for a discovery, invention, etc., must notify his colleagues about the results of his research through the means of professional information available to him.
Doctors, especially leaders of scientific teams, must strictly observe copyright in scientific publications. Inclusion without sufficient grounds in the team of authors, or omission of the names of persons who actively participated in the research, is a violation of the principles of professional ethics.

VI. HELP FOR TERMINAL PATIENTS

The doctor must make every effort to provide the patient with the necessary medical care in extreme conditions.
The doctor should not resort to euthanasia, as well as involve other persons in its execution, but is obliged to alleviate the suffering of patients in a terminal state, in all available, known to him and permitted ways.
The issue of stopping resuscitation, especially in cases where there is no encephalographic evidence of a complete cessation of brain activity, should be decided collectively if possible.
The doctor must assist the patient in exercising his right to take advantage of the spiritual support of a minister of any religious denomination.

VII. TRANSPLANTATION, REPRODUCTION, HUMAN GENOME

The actions of a doctor, his moral and ethical orientation in transplantation of human organs and tissues, intervention in the human genome, in the reproductive function are determined by the ethical, legal and legislative acts of the Russian Federation, the World Medical Association and the World Health Organization.

The doctor should not use these areas of science and practice for personal financial gain.

A doctor should not participate in advertising means and methods of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and especially drugs that are not approved for use by federal health authorities, as well as drugs, alcohol, tobacco products.
Publications of a medical nature, speeches by doctors at scientific forums, educational activities in the press, on radio and television must be ethically impeccable, limited to objective scientific and practical information and not contain elements of unfair competition, advertising and self-promotion.
The doctor is obliged to report to the Pharmacological state committee Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation or the Federal Center for the Study of Side Effects of Drugs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation about all unknown, undesirable side effects of drugs observed by him.
IN information events organized with the participation of manufacturers of medicines and medical equipment, the doctor should, first of all, focus on informational purposes and personally not carry out advertising work among patients for the purchase of these funds before they state registration according to established order.
In the interests of ensuring the life and health of Russian citizens, a doctor should not promote and use methods and means of an occult-mystical and religious nature for the purposes of prevention and treatment.

IX. MEDICAL INFORMATION

A doctor can issue medical certificates only in accordance with the current legislative, regulatory, methodological and instructive documents.

This Code is valid throughout the Russian Federation and is mandatory for all doctors who are members of the Russian Medical Association, its regional branches (branches), as well as professional associations that have officially recognized the Doctor's Code of Ethics.

A doctor who is not a member of professional associations, associations, can personally adopt the Doctor's Code of Ethics and be guided by it in their professional activities.

2. The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor is:

2. The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor is:

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