The concept of working time

Working hours are measured in different ways. It can be a shift, a day, a week, a month or a year. This time is a measure of labor evaluation. Duration work shift differs in different countries and by different types employment, working conditions and professions.

Purpose of classification of working hours

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity in the enterprise.

Classification of working hours

Working hours are divided into separate categories and views. When compiling the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Work time, in general - is divided into:

• time spent on the performance of the production task (working time);
• time spent on breaks.

In turn, working time is divided into:

• preparatory-final time;
• operational time;
• workplace service time.

The preparatory-final time implies the time spent on preparing for the beginning of the labor process and on the end of such a process. For example, a worker performs the norm of a certain task (output of products) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker must prepare workplace(starting equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must bring the equipment into proper condition (remove, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It should be noted that the duration of the time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, a hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparing and completing the work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparing and completing the work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the performance of the production task (fulfillment of standards).

In turn, operational time is divided into:

• main time;
• auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Auxiliary time is the time that provides quality spent main time. This may be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, a stop in the main time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time refers to the amount of time it takes to maintain a workspace in good order.

In turn, this time is divided into:

• Maintenance;
• organizational service.

Maintenance of the workplace ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational maintenance includes the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Working hours that are not provided for by the production task. IN this case refers to random and unforeseen tasks. For example, when there is a power outage, it takes time to start the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unscheduled breaks can occur for both business and non-business reasons.

studying the cost of working time

Chapter 1. Classification of the cost of working time and the importance of its study.

1.1Classification of working hours

Since the costs of working time are diverse, they are classified for the purpose of study and analysis. The classification is the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, comparing and analyzing the results of observation in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determine the necessary time spent on the elements of the labor process and establish standards.

Working time is understood as the length of the working day, working week, established by law, as well as the time that the worker is in the enterprise in connection with the work performed by him.

Depending on the purpose, working time is divided into work time and break time.

Working time refers to the part of the working day during which work is performed.

The break time is understood as the part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons.

The time of work, in turn, is divided into two types of costs: the time for completing the production task (Tpz) and the time spent on performing operations that are not characteristic of this employee and that can be eliminated (Tn).

The production task execution time includes preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory-final time (Tpz) is the time that is spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it.

Operational time (Top) is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor). It is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

The main (Tos), or technological, time is the time spent directly on changing the object of labor.

During auxiliary time (Tvs) the actions necessary for the implementation of the main work are performed.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working condition during the shift is referred to as the time of workplace maintenance (Torm). In machine and automated processes, it includes the time of technical (Tto) and the time of organizational (Too) maintenance of the workplace.

By the time Maintenance the workplace includes the time for maintenance of the workplace in connection with the performance of a given operation or a specific job (replacement of a dull tool, etc.). Organizational maintenance includes looking after the workplace during the shift, as well as cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Break time is divided into: a break for rest and personal needs (Totl), breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot), breaks due to violations of labor discipline (Tntd).

Break for rest and personal needs is the time used by workers to rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature are the time due to the technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the flow of the production process (Tpnt).

Breaks associated with a violation of labor discipline are late arrivals, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure from work, i.e. downtime due to the fault of the worker.

1.2 The importance of studying the cost of working time

The study of the cost of working time is of great importance, since, based on the information obtained as a result, most of the tasks related to the organization of labor and its regulation are solved.

Research is carried out in order to determine the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalization of methods and methods of work, identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment of norms, irrational costs and loss of working time, obtaining data on factors affecting the execution time of elements of operations, developing regulatory materials, assessing the quality of norms and regulations, as well as for other tasks.

The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and the efficiency of the use of production resources. The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance with ergonomic requirements, working conditions, applied technology, organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as vocational, psychophysiological, social characteristics of workers and other factors are studied. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study. Optimal is the minimum of total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information and its subsequent use.

Of greatest importance is the solution of two problems related to the study of labor processes. The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on the execution of elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of time spent during the work shift or part of it.

Determination of the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of work, the analysis of norms and standards. The structure of working time costs is used in the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, evaluating the efficiency of using working time, and analyzing the existing labor organization.

Chapter 2. Methods for studying the cost of working time.

2.1Photograph of working time

A photograph of working time is a type of observation with the help of which they study and analyze the time spent by one worker or group associated with the implementation of a particular process throughout the entire working day (shift) or part of it, regardless of what this time was spent on. The PDF does not reveal the technology and methods of the process, but only fixes its flow.

The purpose of the PDF is to identify reserves for increasing productivity, improving the use of equipment. This is achieved by identifying the expediency, the sequence of certain time costs, their measurement, establishing the degree of possible compaction of the working day of the performers, eliminating the loss of working time and equipment downtime.

The purpose of working time photography is to identify deficiencies in the organization of labor and production, causing losses or irrational use of working time, designing a more rational distribution of work shift time by time consumption categories, determining the actual output of products, the rate of its release and uniformity of work during the shift.

With the skillful, wide and systematic application of the FRV, the head of the enterprise will always have a clear idea about the work and idle time of workers and equipment, about the reasons for the loss of working time.

According to the number of objects of observation, forms of labor organization, etc., PDF is divided into individual, group, brigade, mass, route, multi-machine, target, photograph of the production process and photograph of the use of equipment (see diagram 2). A distinction is also made between dubbed and picket photography of a working day.

A duplicate photo of a working day is taken by two workers at the same time. This method is used when the visibility of the object of observation is limited. The observers work independently of each other, and at the end of the work they compare the results to get the big picture.

A picket photograph of a working day is carried out by several observers who are located at certain points and record the moment the observed object passes through this point. This method is most often used when studying the operation of transport, since, according to safety rules, the observer cannot move along with the transport all the time. In the course of an individual PDF, the observer examines the time spent by one performer working at one workplace or the time spent using equipment during a work shift or part of it.

2.2. Instant Observations

Since the method of direct measurements requires large expenditures for their implementation, in the case when it is supposed to cover a large number of objects, the so-called momentary observations are appropriate.

A characteristic feature of the method of momentary observations is that the observer is not continuously at the workplace, but visits them periodically at random intervals. With the help of momentary observations, it is possible to analyze the structure of working time at almost any number of objects.

Observations are carried out by sequentially bypassing the selected workplaces and marking the type of activity at the fixing points with conventional signs in the observation sheet. If there are special moment counters, the observation sheet is not used.

According to the results of momentary observations, you can:

Determine the degree of use of working time by a large number of performers and the degree of use of a large number of equipment in time.

Study the structure and install specific gravity and absolute values ​​of individual elements of the costs of the contractor's working time.

Establish the causes and determine the proportion and absolute values ​​of downtime of workers and equipment and develop measures to eliminate them.

Analyze the state of labor organization and develop measures to improve them.

Obtain the necessary initial data for the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, as well as service standards.

To ensure the reliability of the results obtained, which should reflect the actual use of working time, the following conditions must be observed: observations of certain expenditures of working time must be random and equally possible; the number of observations should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

The volume of observations is determined using the rules of statistics for sample surveys. It is found by the formula, where M is the sample size or the number of momentary observations,

K is the approximate share of working time spent on the performance of the work under study or the approximate share of equipment operation time in fractions of a second (its value is taken from the results of previous observations or is taken approximately on the basis of reporting data),

(1-K) - the proportion of breaks or downtime, i.e. the probability of finding a worker or machine inactive,

P - a predetermined accuracy of the observation results, i.e., the permissible value of the relative error of the observation results (in the practice of studying working time, it is taken in the range of 0.03 - 0.1),

a is the coefficient associated with the confidence probability that the error P does not go beyond the established limits.

The duration of one round can be set by the timing method or determined by the formula Tobx \u003d + t1N,

where l - route length, m;

v - average speed of movement from one fixing point to another, m/min;

t1 - average time spent on fixing the actions of one worker, min.;

N is the number of jobs.

The number of moments M1, fixed in one shift, is determined by the formula, where K is a coefficient that takes into account the mismatch in the round trip time (taken within 0.5 -),

Tobh - the duration of one round.

To obtain objective and accurate results, you must adhere to the following rules:

Each detour must be carried out along the intended route, in a uniform step, without accelerating or slowing down the walk, and begin strictly at the appointed time.

Only being in the fixing point for these workers, the observer can register what is happening at the workplace. Even if the observer, being at one point, sees that the worker is idle at another point, he has no right to make a mark until he arrives at that point.

If at the moment the observer approaches the object of observation, one state of activity has ended and another begins, then the first state should always be recorded in the observation map.

The results of momentary observations serve as the basis for the development of measures to eliminate the loss of working time. For their implementation, a plan is drawn up, which indicates the timing of its implementation and those responsible for carrying out the activities. The results of the analysis and the activities developed on its basis are discussed at production meetings.

Thus, the method of instantaneous observations gives very reliable material at a much lower labor input.

The study of the composition of the cost of working time is greatly facilitated by the use of the generally accepted classification of the cost of working time. According to this classification, all costs of working time are divided into:

1) Working time:

A) Operational time (top) - is divided into main (to) and auxiliary (tvsp), (to) represents the time during which technological processes are directly carried out. It can be machine, machine-manual or automatic. (tvsp) is spent on actions that directly ensure the implementation of the elements of the main work. For example, for installing and removing a product, approaching and retracting a tool, starting and stopping mechanisms, measuring parameters, etc. If tvp is combined with the main one, then it is called overlapped and this overlapped part is not included in the time limit.

B) Preparatory and final time (tpz) - spent by workers on familiarization with the work and technical documentation for setting up equipment and equipment before starting the operation, for registration and delivery of the quality control department (department technical control) work performed. This time is not repeated with each detail, but is spent 1 time for the entire batch.

C) Working time service time (tom) – divided into maintenance time (tto) and organizational service time (too). tto is spent on changing tools, adjusting and adjusting mechanisms in the process of work and guiding the tool, etc. too - the time spent by the worker on caring for the workplace during the shift: folding and cleaning tools, lubricating, cleaning equipment, etc.

2) Break times:

A) The time of breaks that do not depend on the worker (tpo) - are divided into technological breaks in work and breaks caused by organizational and technical problems.

B) Time of breaks depending on the worker (tpr) - being late for work, leaving work early, smoking, reporting hockey on the radio.

C) Breaks for rest and personal needs (td)

The classification of working time costs has such a grouping that would allow an objective analysis of the expediency of using the working time of performers and the time of using equipment.

In labor rationing, two classifications of working time costs are used: according to one of them, the total time is divided into work time and break time, and according to the other, into standardized and non-standardized time. The time of work includes the time of execution of the production task and the time of work not due to the task (random or unproductive work). The break time includes breaks depending on the workers (for rest, personal needs and caused by a violation of discipline) and not dependent on them (for technical or organizational reasons). The break time is divided into necessary and unnecessary, overlapped by machine time and not overlapped. Normalized time refers to such costs of working time that are necessary to perform a given work. Irregular time is the loss of working time and the time spent on work that is not due to the completion of the task.

1. The normalized time consists of preparatory and final time, operational time, workplace maintenance time, breaks for rest and personal needs, breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

IN general view magnitude norms of time includes:

The preparatory-final time is spent by the worker on preparing for the performance of the given work and on the actions associated with its completion. The norm of preparatory and final time is set either for a batch of products or for a work shift.

Operational time is used directly to perform the given work. It is divided into two parts: main (technological) time; auxiliary time. The main (technological) time is the time spent by the worker to change the object of labor (its shape, size, appearance, physicochemical or mechanical properties etc.), its state and position in space and repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. Auxiliary time includes the time that is spent on working methods, without which the main (technological) process is impossible: installation and removal of a part, machine control, tool approach and withdrawal, etc.

The workplace maintenance time is used by the worker to take care of his workplace and maintain it in working condition throughout the shift and is divided into:

• time of organizational maintenance, it is not related to the work performed and is implemented 2 times per shift: at the beginning and at the end of the shift;
• maintenance time associated with the operation being performed; this is the time spent on adjusting equipment and fixtures in the process of work, changing a dull tool, cleaning chips, etc.

The time for breaks for rest and personal needs is usually set at 8-10 minutes per shift (at construction sites - 15 minutes) and in all cases is included in the time limit.

Time of breaks for organizational and technical reasons -- these are breaks associated with the repair of mechanisms on schedule, waiting for service due to the employment of a worker serving several machines.

• 2. Non-standardized time includes loss time:
  • for organizational and technical reasons. These are losses associated with waiting for work, workpieces, tools, machine repairs, masters, etc.
  • through the fault of the worker. Under the loss of working time due to the fault of the worker understand breaks in work due to violations of labor discipline and daily routine.

There are two main types of rationing of the cost of working time:

Experimental-statistical. In this method, standards are set based on personal experience normalizer, statistics data. Such norms are called experimental-static, they do not contribute to an increase in labor productivity, therefore they must be replaced by scientifically based norms established by analytical methods.

Analytical. scientific method. It is based on the study of the operation by dividing it into labor methods, on the study of factors affecting the duration of individual labor methods; on the design of a rational labor process, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of a person. On this basis, it is determined normative duration individual elements of work and the norm of time is calculated. When using the analytical method, labor standards are established in the following ways:

• 1) research. Based on the photograph data of the working day and timing, so it is quite laborious, but it provides high accuracy of calculations;
• 2) analytical. Time norms are calculated according to ready-made standards, which were previously established by an analytical and research method.

The time of work to fulfill the production task is divided into preparatory and final, main, auxiliary and maintenance time of the workplace,

The time for preparatory and final work includes the time for preparing the workplace and objects of labor for the task (obtaining materials, familiarizing yourself with the drawings, preparing equipment for operation, receiving instructions from the master, etc.), as well as time for operations related to completion of the task (transfer of equipment to the changer, delivery of products, tools, etc.).

The time of the main work is the time spent on fulfilling the main purpose of the operation, i.e., changing the shape, size, physical or chemical properties, state, externally, type, relative position of the elements of the object of labor.

Auxiliary time includes the time spent on creating conditions for performing the main work (for example, installing, fixing and removing workpieces, starting, stopping and controlling the machine, control measurements and journal entries, etc.).

Main and auxiliary time can be machine, machine-manual or manual. The sum of the time to complete the main and auxiliary work is called the time of operational work.

The maintenance time of the workplace is spent on maintaining the equipment, tools, fixtures, control devices and control devices in working order. technological process and to keep the workplace clean and tidy. When rationing machine and machine-manual work, it is sometimes subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.

In machine, automated and instrumental operations, the time of preparatory-final and auxiliary work and maintenance of the workplace, depending on the possibility of their combination with the time of the main work, is divided into overlapping and non-overlapping.

Scheduled breaks include: rest breaks to prevent overwork; breaks for personal needs - time for personal hygiene and natural needs; breaks of an organizational and technical nature, due to technology or organization production process.

Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Work time- this is the legally established duration of the working day, during which the participant in the production process must be at his workplace and qualitatively perform the functions assigned to him. It is classified from its costs and is divided into two groups: work time and break time.

Working hours- this is the period during which labor actions related to the performance of work are performed. It includes three elements: preparatory-final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of the production task, as well as to take actions related to its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the task, conducting safety briefings, handing over the shift, etc. The preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent changeovers of equipment, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.

Main work time(t o) is the time used for the direct impact of the tools on the object of labor. Most of the time is spent on a direct qualitative change in the object of labor (shape, structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.).

Auxiliary work time(t c) is spent on activities related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, you need to bring raw materials, eat finished products, weigh it, etc.

Total duration performing the main and auxiliary work is called operating time(t op).

Workplace service time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (aggregates) and maintain order and cleanliness in the workplace. It includes time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, adjusting the mechanism, as well as the time spent on cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

should be highlighted and downtime(t nr) - the time spent on the release of marriage, the performance of unusual functions.

breaks subdivided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t exc); due to technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation of labor discipline (t nd).

Rest time and personal needs- this is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of the operational time.

Time of breaks due to technology and organization of production, is associated with the expectation of some process due to the different duration of the associated operations.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature associated with a violation of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)

Breaks caused by violation of labor discipline(lateness, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature withdrawal etc.), are downtime due to the fault of the performers.

The considered costs of working time are divided into normalized (t pz, t op, t about, t ex, t pt) and non-normalized (t nr, t nd, t from). The classification of working hours and breaks is given in Table. 13.1.

Table 13.1 - Classification of working hours