Heat supply features are the rigid mutual influence of heat supply and heat consumption modes, as well as the multiplicity of supply points for several goods (thermal energy, power, coolant, hot water). The purpose of heat supply is not to provide generation and transport, but to maintain the quality of these goods for each consumer.
This goal was achieved relatively effectively with stable coolant flow rates in all elements of the system. The “quality” regulation we use, by its very nature, implies changing only the temperature of the coolant. The emergence of demand-controlled buildings ensured the unpredictability of hydraulic regimes in networks while maintaining the constancy of costs in the buildings themselves. Complaints in the neighboring houses had to be eliminated by excessive circulation and the corresponding mass overflows.
The hydraulic calculation models used today, despite their periodic calibration, cannot provide for accounting for deviations in costs at building inputs due to changes in internal heat generation and consumption. hot water, as well as the influence of the sun, wind and rain. With the actual qualitative-quantitative regulation, it is necessary to “see” the system in real time and provide:
- control of the maximum number of delivery points;
- reconciliation of current balances of supply, losses and consumption;
- control action in case of unacceptable violation of modes.
Management should be as automated as possible, otherwise it is simply impossible to implement it. The challenge was to achieve this without undue expense of setting up checkpoints.
Today, when in a large number of buildings there are measuring systems with flow meters, temperature and pressure sensors, it is unreasonable to use them only for financial calculations. ACS "Teplo" is built mainly on the generalization and analysis of information "from the consumer".
When creating the automated control system, typical problems of outdated systems were overcome:
- dependence on the correctness of calculations of metering devices and the reliability of data in unverifiable archives;
- the impossibility of bringing together operational balances due to inconsistencies in the time of measurements;
- inability to control rapidly changing processes;
- non-compliance with new requirements information security federal law "On the security of critical information infrastructure Russian Federation».
Effects from the implementation of the system:
Consumer Services:
- determination of real balances for all types of goods and commercial losses:
- determination of possible off-balance sheet income;
- control of actual power consumption and its compliance with technical specifications for connection;
- introduction of restrictions corresponding to the level of payments;
- transition to a two-part tariff;
- monitoring KPIs for all services working with consumers and assessing the quality of their work.
Exploitation:
- determination of technological losses and balances in heat networks;
- dispatching and emergency control according to actual modes;
- maintaining optimal temperature schedules;
- monitoring the state of networks;
- adjustment of heat supply modes;
- control of shutdowns and violations of modes.
Development and investment:
- reliable assessment of the results of the implementation of improvement projects;
- assessment of the effects of investment costs;
- development of heat supply schemes in real electronic models;
- optimization of diameters and network configuration;
- reduction of connection costs, taking into account the real reserves of bandwidth and energy savings for consumers;
- renovation planning
- organization of joint work of CHP and boiler houses.
important public service in modern cities is heat supply. The heat supply system serves to meet the needs of the population in heating services for residential and public buildings, hot water supply (water heating) and ventilation.
The modern urban heat supply system includes the following main elements: a heat source, heat transmission networks and devices, as well as heat-consuming equipment and devices - heating, ventilation and hot water supply systems.
City heating systems are classified according to the following criteria:
- - degree of centralization;
- - type of coolant;
- - method of generating thermal energy;
- - method of supplying water for hot water supply and heating;
- - the number of pipelines of heating networks;
- - a way to provide consumers with thermal energy, etc.
By degree of centralization heat supply distinguish two main types:
- 1) centralized systems heat supply, which have been developed in cities and areas with predominantly high-rise buildings. Among them are: highly organized centralized heat supply based on the combined generation of heat and electricity at CHPPs - district heating and district heating from district heating and industrial heating boilers;
- 2) decentralized heat supply from small adjoining boiler plants (attached, basement, roof), individual heating devices, etc.; at the same time, there are no heating networks and associated losses of thermal energy.
By coolant type Distinguish between steam and water heating systems. In steam heating systems, superheated steam acts as a heat carrier. These systems are mainly used for technological purposes in industry, power industry. For the needs of communal heat supply of the population due to the increased danger during their operation, they are practically not used.
In water heating systems, the heat carrier is hot water. These systems are used mainly for supplying thermal energy to urban consumers, for hot water supply and heating, and in some cases for technological processes. In our country, water heating systems account for more than half of all heating networks.
By method of generating heat energy distinguish:
- - Combined generation of heat and electricity at combined heat and power plants. In this case, the heat of the working thermal steam is used to generate electricity when the steam expands in the turbines, and then the remaining heat of the exhaust steam is used to heat water in the heat exchangers that make up the heating equipment of the CHP. Hot water is used for heating urban consumers. Thus, in a CHP plant, high-potential heat is used to generate electricity, and low-potential heat is used to supply heat. This is the energy meaning of the combined generation of heat and electricity, which provides a significant reduction in specific fuel consumption in the production of heat and electrical energy;
- - separate generation of thermal energy, when heating water in boiler plants (thermal power plants) is separated from the generation of electrical energy.
By water supply method for hot water supply, water heating systems are divided into open and closed. In open water heating systems, hot water is supplied to the taps of the local hot water supply system directly from the heating networks. In closed water heating systems, water from heating networks is used only as a heating medium for heating in water heaters - heat exchangers (boilers) of tap water, which then enters the local hot water supply system.
By number of pipelines There are single-pipe, two-pipe and multi-pipe heat supply systems.
By way to provide consumers with thermal energy, single-stage and multi-stage heat supply systems are distinguished - depending on the schemes for connecting subscribers (consumers) to heating networks. The nodes for connecting heat consumers to heating networks are called subscriber inputs. At the subscriber input of each building, hot water heaters, elevators, pumps, fittings, instrumentation are installed to regulate the parameters and flow of the coolant according to local heating and water fittings. Therefore, often a subscriber input is called a local heating point (MTP). If a subscriber input is being constructed for a separate facility, then it is called an individual heating point (ITP).
When organizing single-stage heat supply systems, heat consumers are connected directly to heat networks. Such a direct connection of heating devices limits the limits of permissible pressure in heating networks, since high pressure necessary for the transport of the coolant to end consumers is dangerous for heating radiators. Because of this, single-stage systems are used to supply heat to a limited number of consumers from boiler houses with a short length of heating networks.
In multistage systems, between the heat source and consumers, central heating centers (CHP) or control and distribution points (CDP) are placed, in which the parameters of the coolant can be changed at the request of local consumers. The central heating and distribution centers are equipped with pumping and water heating units, control and safety fittings, instrumentation designed to provide a group of consumers in a quarter or district with thermal energy of the required parameters. With the help of pumping or water heating installations, main pipelines (first stage) are partially or completely hydraulically isolated from distribution networks (second stage). From the CHP or KRP, a heat carrier with acceptable or established parameters is supplied through common or separate pipelines of the second stage to the MTP of each building for local consumers. At the same time, only elevator mixing of return water from local heating installations, local regulation of water consumption for hot water supply and metering of heat consumption are carried out in the MTP.
The organization of complete hydraulic isolation of heat networks of the first and second stages is the most important measure to improve the reliability of heat supply and increase the range of heat transport. Multi-stage heat supply systems with central heating and distribution centers allow reducing the number of local hot water heaters, circulation pumps and temperature controllers installed in the MTP with a single-stage system by a factor of ten. In the central heating center, it is possible to organize the treatment of local tap water to prevent corrosion of hot water supply systems. Finally, during the construction of the central heating and distribution centers, the unit operating costs and the costs of maintaining personnel for servicing equipment in the MTP are significantly reduced.
Thermal energy in the form of hot water or steam is transported from a thermal power plant or boiler house to consumers (to residential buildings, public buildings and industrial enterprises) through special pipelines - heating networks. The route of heat networks in cities and other settlements should be provided in the technical lanes allocated for engineering networks.
Modern heating networks of urban systems are complex engineering structures. Their length from the source to consumers is tens of kilometers, and the diameter of the mains reaches 1400 mm. The structure of thermal networks includes heat pipelines; compensators that perceive temperature elongations; disconnecting, regulating and safety equipment installed in special chambers or pavilions; pumping stations; district heating points (RTP) and heating points (TP).
Heating networks are divided into main, laid on the main directions of the settlement, distribution - within the quarter, microdistrict - and branches to individual buildings and subscribers.
Schemes of thermal networks are used, as a rule, beam. In order to avoid interruptions in the supply of heat to the consumer, individual main networks are connected to each other, as well as the installation of jumpers between branches. IN big cities in the presence of several large heat sources, more complex heat networks are built according to the ring scheme.
To ensure the reliable functioning of such systems, their hierarchical construction is necessary, in which the entire system is divided into a number of levels, each of which has its own task, decreasing in value from the top level to the bottom. The upper hierarchical level is made up of heat sources, the next level is main heat networks with RTP, the lower one is distribution networks with subscriber inputs of consumers. Heat sources supply hot water of a given temperature and a given pressure to the heating networks, ensure the circulation of water in the system and maintain the proper hydrodynamic and static pressure in it. They have special water treatment plants, where chemical purification and deaeration of water is carried out. The main heat carrier flows are transported through the main heat networks to the heat consumption nodes. In the RTP, the coolant is distributed among the districts, autonomous hydraulic and thermal regimes are maintained in the networks of the districts. The organization of the hierarchical construction of heat supply systems ensures their controllability during operation.
To control the hydraulic and thermal modes of the heat supply system, it is automated, and the amount of heat supplied is regulated in accordance with consumption standards and subscriber requirements. The largest amount of heat is spent on heating buildings. The heating load changes with the outside temperature. To maintain the conformity of heat supply to consumers, it uses central regulation on heat sources. achieve High Quality heat supply, using only central regulation, is not possible, therefore, additional automatic regulation is used at heating points and at consumers. The water consumption for hot water supply is constantly changing, and in order to maintain a stable heat supply, the hydraulic mode of heat networks is automatically regulated, and the temperature of hot water is maintained constant and equal to 65 ° C.
The main systemic problems that complicate the organization of an effective mechanism for the functioning of heat supply in modern cities include the following:
- - significant physical and obsolescence equipment of heat supply systems;
- - high level of losses in heat networks;
- - massive lack of heat energy meters and heat supply regulators among residents;
- - overestimated thermal loads of consumers;
- - imperfection of normative-legal and legislative base.
The equipment of thermal power plants and heating networks has a high degree of wear on average in Russia, reaching 70%. IN total number heating boiler houses are dominated by small, inefficient ones, the process of their reconstruction and liquidation proceeds very slowly. The increase in thermal capacities annually lags behind the increasing loads by 2 times or more. Due to systematic interruptions in the provision of boiler fuel in many cities, serious difficulties annually arise in the supply of heat to residential areas and houses. Start-up of heating systems in the fall stretches for several months, "underheated" residential premises in the winter have become the norm, not the exception; the rate of equipment replacement is declining, the number of equipment in emergency condition is increasing. It was predetermined in last years a sharp increase in the accident rate of heat supply systems.
Modernization and Automation of Heat Supply System Minsk experiencce
V.A. Sednin, Scientific Consultant, Doctor of Engineering, Professor,
A.A. Gutkovskiy, Chief Engineer, Belorussian National Technicl University, Scientific Research and Innovations Center of Automated Control Systems in heat power industry
keywords: heat supply system, automated control systems, reliability and quality improvement, heat delivery regulation, data archiving
Heat supply of large cities in Belorussia, as in Russia, is provided by cogeneration and district heat supply systems (hereinafter - DHSS), where facilities are combined into a single system. However, often the decisions made on individual elements of complex heat supply systems do not meet the systematic criteria, reliability, controllability and environment protection requirements. Therefore modernization of the heat supply systems and creation of automated process control systems is the most relevant task.
Description:
V.A. Sednin, A.A. Gutkovsky
The heat supply of large cities of Belarus, as in Russia, is provided by heating and district heating systems (hereinafter referred to as DH), the facilities of which are linked into a single scheme. However, decisions made on individual elements of complex heat supply systems often do not meet system criteria, reliability, manageability and environmental friendliness requirements. Therefore, the modernization of heat supply systems and the creation automated systems management technological processes is the most pressing issue.
V. A. Sednin, scientific consultant, doctor of tech. sciences, professor
A. A. Gutkovsky, Chief Engineer, Belarusian national Technical University, Research and Innovation Center for Automated Control Systems in Heat Power and Industry
Heat supply to large cities of Belarus, as in Russia, is provided by district heating and district heating systems (DH) whose facilities are linked into a single scheme. However, decisions made on individual elements of complex heat supply systems often do not meet system criteria, reliability, manageability and environmental friendliness requirements. Therefore, the modernization of heat supply systems and the creation of automated process control systems is the most urgent task.
Features of district heating systems
Considering the main features of the SDT of Belarus, it can be noted that they are characterized by:
- continuity and inertia of its development;
- territorial distribution, hierarchy, variety of technical means used;
- dynamic production processes and stochastic energy consumption;
- incompleteness and low degree of reliability of information about the parameters and modes of their functioning.
It is important to note that in the district heating network, unlike other pipeline systems, they serve to transport not the product, but the energy of the coolant, the parameters of which must meet the requirements of various consumer systems.
These features emphasize the essential need for the creation of automated process control systems (hereinafter referred to as APCS), the introduction of which makes it possible to increase energy and environmental efficiency, reliability and quality of functioning of heat supply systems. The introduction of automated process control systems today is not a tribute to fashion, but follows from the basic laws of technological development and is economically justified on present stage development of the technosphere.
| REFERENCE |
The district heating system of Minsk is a structurally complex complex. In terms of production and transport of thermal energy, it includes the facilities of Minskenergo RUE (Minsk Heat Networks, heating complexes of CHPP-3 and CHPP-4) and the facilities of Minskkommunteploset Unitary Enterprise - boiler houses, heat networks and central heating points. Creation of APCS UE "Minskkommunteploset" was started in 1999, and now it is functioning, covering almost all heat sources (over 20) and a number of districts of heat networks. The development of the APCS project for the Minsk Heat Networks was launched in 2010, the project implementation began in 2012 and is currently ongoing. |
Development of an automated process control system for the heat supply system in Minsk
On the example of Minsk, we present the main approaches that have been implemented in a number of cities in Belarus and Russia in the design and development of process control systems for heat supply systems.
Taking into account the vastness of issues covering the subject area of heat supply, and the accumulated experience in the field of automation of heat supply systems at the pre-project stage of creating an automated process control system for Minsk heat networks, a concept was developed. The concept defines the fundamental foundations of the organization of automated process control systems for heat supply in Minsk (see reference) as a process of creating a computer network (system) focused on automating technological processes of a topologically distributed district heating enterprise.
Technological information tasks of process control systems
The implemented automated control system primarily provides for increasing the reliability and quality of operational control of the modes of operation of individual elements and the heat supply system as a whole. Therefore, this process control system is designed to solve the following technological information problems:
- provision of centralized functional-group control of hydraulic modes of heat sources, main heat networks and pumping stations, taking into account daily and seasonal changes in circulation costs with adjustment ( feedback) according to the actual hydraulic regimes in the distribution heat networks of the city;
- implementation of the method of dynamic central control of heat supply with optimization of heat carrier temperatures in the supply and return pipelines of heating mains;
- ensuring the collection and archiving of data on the thermal and hydraulic modes of operation of heat sources, main heating networks, a pumping station and distribution heating networks of the city for monitoring, operational management and analysis of the functioning of the Minsk heating networks' central heating system;
- creation of an effective system for protecting equipment of heat sources and heating networks in emergency situations;
creation of an information base for solving optimization problems arising in the course of operation and modernization of objects of the Minsk heat supply system.
| REFERENCE 1 |
The structure of the Minsk thermal networks includes 8 network districts (RTS), 1 thermal power plant, 9 boiler houses with a capacity of several hundred to a thousand megawatts. In addition, 12 step-down pumping stations and 209 central heating stations are serviced by the Minsk Heat Networks. Organizational and production structure of the Minsk heat networks according to the "bottom-up" scheme:
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The structure of the automated process control system of Minsk heating networks
In accordance with the production and organizational structure of the Minsk Heat Networks (see Reference 1), a four-level structure of the APCS of the Minsk Heat Networks was chosen:
- the first (upper) level is the central control room of the enterprise;
- the second level - operator stations of districts of thermal networks;
- third level - operator stations of heat sources (operator stations of workshop sections of heating networks);
- fourth (lower) level - stations automatic control installations (boiler units) and processes of transport and distribution of thermal energy (technological scheme of a heat source, heating points, heating networks, etc.).
The development (creation of an automated process control system for heat supply of the entire city of Minsk) involves the inclusion in the system at the second structural level of operator stations of heating complexes of Minsk CHPP-2, CHPP-3, CHPP-4 and an operator station (central dispatching room) of UE "Minskkommunteploset". All management levels are planned to be combined into a single computer network.
The architecture of the process control system for the heat supply system of Minsk
The analysis of the control object as a whole and the state of its individual elements, as well as the prospects for the development of the control system, made it possible to propose the architecture of a distributed automated control system for technological processes of the Minsk heat supply system within the facilities of RUE "Minskenergo". Corporate network integrates computing resources central office and remote structural subdivisions, including automatic control stations (ACS) of grid area facilities. All ACS (TsTP, ITP, PNS) and scanning stations are connected directly to the operator stations of the respective network areas, presumably installed at master sites.
On the remote structural unit(for example, RTS-6) the following stations are installed (Fig. 1): operator station "RTS-6" (OPS RTS-6) - it is the control center of the network area and is installed on the master section of RTS-6. For operational personnel, RTS-6 provides access to all, without exception, information and control resources of ACS of all types, as well as access to authorized information resources of the central office. OpS RTS-6 provide regular scanning of all slave control stations.
The operational and commercial information collected from all central heating centers is sent for storage to a dedicated database server (installed in the immediate vicinity of the RTS-6 OpS).
Thus, taking into account the scale and topology of the control object and the existing organizational and production structure of the enterprise, the APCS of the Minsk Heat Networks is built according to a multi-link scheme using a hierarchical structure of software and hardware and computer networks that solve various control tasks at each level.
Management system levels
At the lower level, the control system performs:
- preliminary processing and transmission of information;
- regulation of basic technological parameters, control optimization functions, process equipment protection.
TO technical means the lower level is subject to increased reliability requirements, including the possibility of autonomous operation in case of loss of communication with the upper level computer network.
The subsequent levels of the control system are built according to the hierarchy of the heat supply system and solve the tasks of the corresponding level, as well as provide an operator interface.
Control devices installed at facilities, in addition to their direct duties, should also provide for the possibility of aggregating them into distributed control systems. The control device must ensure the operability and safety of the information of objective primary accounting during long interruptions in communication.
The main elements of such a scheme are technological and operator stations interconnected by communication channels. The core of the technological station should be an industrial computer equipped with means of communication with the control object and channel adapters for organizing interprocessor communication. The main purpose of the technological station is the implementation of direct digital control algorithms. In technically justified cases, some functions can be performed in supervisory mode: the process station processor can control remote intelligent controllers or software logic modules using modern field interface protocols.
Informational aspect of building an automated process control system for heat supply
Particular attention was paid to the development information aspect construction of automated process control systems for heat supply. The completeness of the description of the production technology and the perfection of the information conversion algorithms are the most important part of the information support of the APCS, built on the technology of direct digital control. The information capabilities of the automated process control system for heat supply provide the ability to solve a set of engineering problems that classify:
- by stages of the main technology (production, transport and consumption of thermal energy);
- by purpose (identification, forecasting and diagnostics, optimization and management).
When creating an automated process control system for the Minsk heat networks, it is planned to form an information field that allows you to quickly solve the entire complex of the above tasks of identification, forecasting, diagnostics, optimization and management. At the same time, information provides the possibility of solving systemic problems of the upper level of management with the further development and expansion of automated process control systems as the relevant technical services for the main technological process are included.
In particular, this applies to optimization tasks, i.e., optimizing the production of thermal and electrical energy, modes of supply of thermal energy, flow distribution in thermal networks, operating modes of the main technological equipment of heat sources, as well as calculating the rationing of fuel and energy resources, energy accounting and operation, planning and forecasting the development of the heat supply system. In practice, the solution of some problems of this type is carried out within the framework of the enterprise automated control system. In any case, they must take into account the information obtained in the course of solving the problems of directly controlling the technological process, and the information system created by the process control system must be integrated with other information systems enterprises.
Methodology of software-object programming
Building software control system, which is an original development of the center team, is based on the methodology of program-object programming: in the memory of control and operator stations, program objects are created that display real processes, units and measuring channels of an automated technological object. The interaction of these software objects (processes, aggregates and channels) with each other, as well as with operational personnel and with technological equipment, in fact, ensures the functioning of the elements of heat networks according to predefined rules or algorithms. Thus, the description of algorithms is reduced to the description of the most essential properties of these program objects and the ways of their interaction.
Synthesis of the structure of the control system of technical objects is based on the analysis technological scheme control object and a detailed description of the technology of the main processes and functioning inherent in this object as a whole.
A convenient tool for compiling this type of description for heat supply facilities is the methodology of mathematical modeling at the macro level. In the course of compiling a description of technological processes, a mathematical model is compiled, a parametric analysis is performed, and a list of adjustable and controlled parameters and regulatory bodies is determined.
The regime requirements of technological processes are specified, on the basis of which the boundaries of the permissible ranges for changing the regulated and controlled parameters and the requirements for the choice of actuators and regulatory bodies are determined. Based on the generalized information, the synthesis of an automated object control system is carried out, which, when using the direct digital control method, is built according to a hierarchical principle in accordance with the hierarchy of the control object.
ACS of the district boiler house
So, for a district boiler house (Fig. 2), an automated control system is built on the basis of two classes.
The upper level is the operator station "Boiler" (OPS "Boiler") - the main station that coordinates and controls the subordinate stations. Fire station “Boiler reserve” is a hot standby station, which is constantly in the mode of listening and registering the traffic of the main fire station and its subordinate ACS. Its database contains up-to-date parameters and complete historical data on the functioning of the working control system. At any time, a backup station can be assigned as the main station with full traffic transfer to it and the permission of supervisory control functions.
The lower level is a complex of automatic control stations united together with the operator station in a computer network:
- ACS "Boiler unit" provides control of the boiler unit. As a rule, it is not reserved, since the reservation of the thermal power of the boiler house is carried out at the level of boiler units.
- ACS "Grid Group" is responsible for the thermal-hydraulic mode of operation of the boiler house (control of a group of network pumps, bypass line at the outlet of the boiler room, bypass line, inlet and outlet valves of boilers, individual boiler recirculation pumps, etc.).
- SAU "Vodopodgotovka" provides control of all auxiliary equipment of the boiler house, necessary for feeding the network.
For simpler objects of the heat supply system, for example, heat points and block boiler houses, the control system is built as a single-level one based on an automatic control station (SAU TsTP, SAU BMK). In accordance with the structure of heat networks, control stations of heat points are combined into a local area network of a heat network area and are connected to an operator station of a heat network area, which, in turn, has an information connection with an operator station of a higher level of integration.
Operator stations
The software of the operator station provides a friendly interface for the operating personnel controlling the operation of the automated technological complex. Operator stations have advanced means of operational dispatch control, as well as mass memory devices for organizing short-term and long-term archives of the state of the parameters of the technological control object and the actions of operational personnel.
In cases of large information flows that are closed to operational personnel, it is advisable to organize several operator stations with the allocation of a separate database server and, possibly, a communication server.
The operator station, as a rule, does not directly affect the control object itself - it receives information from technological stations and transmits directives to the operating personnel or tasks (settings) of supervisory control, generated automatically or semi-automatically. It forms workplace operator of a complex object, such as a boiler room.
Created system automated control provides for the construction of an intelligent add-on, which should not only monitor the disturbances that arise in the system and respond to them, but also predict the occurrence of emergency situations and block their occurrence. When changing the topology of the heat supply network and the dynamics of its processes, it is possible to adequately change the structure of the distributed control system by adding new control stations and (or) changing software objects without changing the equipment configuration of existing stations.
Efficiency of APCS of the heat supply system
An analysis of the operating experience of automated process control systems for heat supply enterprises 1 in a number of cities in Belarus and Russia, conducted over the past twenty years, showed them economic efficiency and confirmed the viability of the architecture, software and hardware decisions made.
In terms of their properties and characteristics, these systems meet the requirements of the ideology of smart grids. Nevertheless, work is constantly underway to improve and develop the developed automated control systems. The introduction of automated process control systems for heat supply increases the reliability and efficiency of the DH operation. The main saving of fuel and energy resources is determined by the optimization of the thermal-hydraulic modes of heating networks, the operating modes of the main and auxiliary equipment of heat sources, pumping stations and heating points.
Literature
- Gromov N.K. Urban heating systems. M. : Energy, 1974. 256 p.
- Popyrin L. S. Research of heat supply systems. M. : Nauka, 1989. 215 p.
- Ionin A. A. Reliability of systems of thermal networks. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1989. 302 p.
- Monakhov G. V. Modeling of control modes of heat networks. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1995. 224 p.
- Sednin VA Theory and practice of creating automated heat supply control systems. Minsk: BNTU, 2005. 192 p.
- Sednin V. A. Implementation of automated process control systems as a fundamental factor in improving the reliability and efficiency of heat supply systems // Technology, equipment, quality. Sat. mater. Belarusian Industrial Forum 2007, Minsk, May 15–18, 2007 / Expoforum – Minsk, 2007, pp. 121–122.
- Sednin V. A. Optimization of the parameters of the temperature graph of heat supply in heating systems // Energetika. News of higher educational institutions and energy associations of the CIS. 2009. No. 4. S. 55–61.
- Sednin V. A. The concept of creating an automated control system for technological processes of Minsk heating networks / V. A. Sednin, A. V. Sednin, E. O. Voronov // Improving efficiency power equipment: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference, in 2 volumes. T. 2. 2012. S. 481–500.
1 Created by a team of Research and Development innovation center automated control systems in heat power engineering and industry of the Belarusian National Technical University.
1. The distribution of the heat load of consumers of thermal energy in the heat supply system between the sources of thermal energy supplying thermal energy in this heat supply system is carried out by the body authorized in accordance with this federal law for approval of the heat supply scheme, by making annual changes to the heat supply scheme.
2. In order to distribute the heat load of consumers of thermal energy, all heat supply organizations that own sources of thermal energy in this heat supply system are required to submit to the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme, an application containing information:
1) on the amount of heat energy that the heat supply organization undertakes to supply to consumers and heat supply organizations in this heat supply system;
2) on the amount of capacity of thermal energy sources, which the heat supply organization undertakes to maintain;
3) on current tariffs in the field of heat supply and predicted specific variable costs for the production of thermal energy, heat carrier and power maintenance.
3. The heat supply scheme should define the conditions under which it is possible to supply thermal energy to consumers from various sources of thermal energy while maintaining the reliability of heat supply. In the presence of such conditions, the distribution of heat load between sources of heat energy is carried out on a competitive basis in accordance with the criterion of minimum specific variable costs for the production of heat energy by sources of heat energy, determined in the manner established by the pricing bases in the field of heat supply, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, on the basis of applications organizations that own sources of thermal energy, and standards taken into account when regulating tariffs in the field of heat supply for the corresponding period of regulation.
4. If the heat supply organization does not agree with the distribution of the heat load carried out in the heat supply scheme, it has the right to appeal against the decision on such distribution, taken by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme, to the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. Heat supply organizations and heat network organizations operating in the same heat supply system, annually before the start of the heating period, are required to conclude an agreement between themselves on the management of the heat supply system in accordance with the rules for organizing heat supply, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
6. The subject of the agreement specified in part 5 of this article is the procedure for mutual actions to ensure the functioning of the heat supply system in accordance with the requirements of this Federal Law. Mandatory conditions said agreement are:
1) determining the subordination of dispatching services of heat supply organizations and heat network organizations, the procedure for their interaction;
2) the procedure for organizing the adjustment of heat networks and regulating the operation of the heat supply system;
3) the procedure for ensuring access of the parties to the agreement or, by mutual agreement of the parties to the agreement, to another organization to heat networks for the adjustment of heat networks and regulation of the operation of the heat supply system;
4) the procedure for interaction between heat supply organizations and heat network organizations in emergency situations and emergencies.
7. If the heat supply organizations and heat network organizations have not concluded the agreement specified in this article, the procedure for managing the heat supply system is determined by the agreement concluded for the previous heating period, and if such an agreement has not been concluded earlier, the specified procedure is established by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal law for approval of the heat supply scheme.
As part of the supply of switchboard equipment, power cabinets and control cabinets for two buildings (ITP) were supplied. For the reception and distribution of electricity in heating points, input-distributing devices are used, consisting of five panels each (10 panels in total). Switching switches, surge arresters, ammeters and voltmeters are installed in the input panels. ATS panels in ITP1 and ITP2 are implemented on the basis of automatic transfer units. In the distribution panels of the ASU, protection and switching devices (contactors, soft starters, buttons and lamps) are installed for the technological equipment of heating points. All circuit breakers are equipped with status contacts signaling an emergency shutdown. This information is transmitted to the controllers installed in the automation cabinets.
To control and manage the equipment, OWEN PLC110 controllers are used. They are connected to the input / output modules ARIES MV110-224.16DN, MV110-224.8A, MU110-224.6U, as well as operator touch panels.
The coolant is introduced directly into the ITP room. Water supply for hot water supply, heating and heat supply of air heaters of air ventilation systems is carried out with a correction according to the outside air temperature.
The display of technological parameters, accidents, equipment status and dispatch control of the ITP is carried out from the workstation of dispatchers in the integrated central control room of the building. On the dispatching server, the archive of technological parameters, accidents, and the state of the ITP equipment is stored.
Automation of heat points provides for:
- maintaining the temperature of the coolant supplied to the heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the temperature schedule;
- maintaining the temperature of the water in the DHW system at the supply to consumers;
- programming of various temperature conditions by hours of the day, days of the week and public holidays;
- control of compliance with the values of parameters determined by the technological algorithm, support of technological and emergency parameters limits;
- temperature control of the heat carrier returned to heating network heat supply systems, according to a given temperature schedule;
- outside air temperature measurement;
- maintaining a given pressure drop between the supply and return pipelines of ventilation and heating systems;
- control of circulation pumps according to a given algorithm:
- on/off;
- control of pumping equipment with frequency drives according to signals from PLC installed in automation cabinets;
- periodic switching main / reserve to ensure the same operating time;
- automatic emergency transfer to the standby pump according to the control of the differential pressure sensor;
- automatic maintenance of a given differential pressure in heat consumption systems.
- control of heat carrier control valves in primary consumer circuits;
- control of pumps and valves for feeding circuits of heating and ventilation;
- setting the values of technological and emergency parameters through the dispatching system;
- control of drainage pumps;
- control of the state of electrical inputs by phases;
- synchronization of the controller time with the common time of the dispatching system (SOEV);
- start-up of equipment after restoration of power supply in accordance with a given algorithm;
- sending emergency messages to the dispatching system.
Information exchange between automation controllers and the upper level (workstation with specialized MasterSCADA dispatching software) is carried out using the Modbus/TCP protocol.
