In Russia, oil production is carried out by 9 large vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs) (Fig. 1). As well as about 150 small and medium-sized mining companies. VIOCs account for about 90% of all oil production. Approximately 2.5% of oil is produced by the largest Russian gas company Gazprom. And the rest is produced by independent mining companies.

Vertical integration in the oil business is the integration of various links in the technological chain of production and processing of hydrocarbons (“from a well to a gas station”):

· Exploration of oil reserves, drilling and development of deposits;

oil production and transportation;

· oil refining and transportation of oil products;

sales (marketing) of petroleum products

Figure 1 - Oil production by companies and concentration of production in the oil industry in Russia in 2010

Table 1 — Production of oil and gas condensate by the largest oil companies in Russia, million tons

Rosneft.

It is the leader of the Russian oil industry. The capitalization of the company is about 94 billion dollars (April 2011). Rosneft's proven reserves as of December 31, 2010 amounted to 22.765 billion barrels. oil equivalent. In terms of oil production, the company not only leads in Russia, but according to the results of January-September 2011, having overtaken the American ExxonMobil, it also became the world leader (88.6 million tons of oil were produced).

If we talk about the main performance indicators of the company for 2011, we should note a noticeable overfulfillment of the business plan in a number of important areas:

— oil and gas condensate production amounted to 122.5 million tons (2.5% higher than in 2010);

— refining volume at refineries increased by 14.7% to 57.9 million tons;

— the license package for the year increased by 21 licenses;

— the total amount of capital investments amounted to 420 billion rubles. In the next 2-3 years, Rosneft can send a record 3-4 billion dollars a year to oil refining;

— net profit amounted to about 393.6 billion rubles. (+14.7% by 2010), etc.

Experts call an increase in oil production (first of all, the new Vankor field, just last year the field reached the planned production level of 15 million tons) and oil refining, an increase in the cost of "black gold", advantages in obtaining licenses for strategic fields (as state company). In addition, the company works closely with the Chinese, and at the very end of last summer it reached an agreement on strategic cooperation with ExxonMobil on the Russian Arctic shelf. It is planned that ExxonMobil will initially bear the cost of exploration (2-4 billion dollars). Rosneft will also be able to enter ExxonMobil projects, including those in the Gulf of Mexico and Texas, thus becoming the first Russian company to produce oil in the United States. Finally, the Ministry of Economic Development proposed to privatize up to 15% of Rosneft in 2012.

If we talk about the problematic aspects of the company in the past year, it should be noted:

- significant dependence on the work of one Yuganskneftegaz, and on the production of its largest field - Priobskoye (it provides about ¼ of the entire production of Rosneft);

— the company's key fields have already entered the stage of declining production;

- serious problems with the modernization of the refinery. Although Rosneft is the leader among companies in terms of the amount of money invested;

— unclear prospects for the shelf of the northern seas. Exploration work in the region can take up to 7 years;

An old rival of Rosneft. The company's market capitalization is almost $58 billion (April 2011). Its share in global oil reserves is about 1.1%, and in global production - about 2.3%. LUKOIL accounts for 18.6% of Russia's total oil production and 18.9% of Russia's oil refining. As of January 1, 2011, LUKOIL was the 3rd private oil company in the world in terms of proven hydrocarbon reserves (according to the company itself) - 17.255 billion barrels. oil equivalent.

Last year, LUKOIL continued to live according to the formula - production is declining, profits are growing:

— revenue for 9 months of 2011 increased by 29.9% compared to the same period last year and amounted to 99,101 million dollars;

— net profit increased by 32.1% to $9,012 million;

— net profitability was 9.1%.

Height financial indicators LUKOIL last year is explained by an extremely banal thing - an increase in world oil prices.

Experts draw attention to the stagnation of the production indicators of this company:

- oil production in January-September 2011 fell by 5.5% - to 68,290 thousand tons, investors are seriously alarmed by the fact that management fails to stabilize production in any way;

— production of petroleum products decreased by 2.0% to 46,960 thousand tons, etc.

The decline in oil production was caused by the depletion of the company's West Siberian fields, which, meanwhile, account for more than half of LUKOIL's oil reserves. As for building up the resource base, the problems of private companies (including LUKOIL) are related to the fact that state-owned companies get promising deposits. Lukoil's hopes today are connected with projects in the Caspian Sea, as well as the Trebs and Titov fields. In any case, the company's capital investments last year significantly exceeded the level of 2010 - $ 8.5 billion.

The market capitalization of TNK-BP is about $50 billion. In terms of oil production, the company is one of the ten largest private oil companies in the world, is the main supplier to retail market Moscow and is the leader in the Ukrainian market. Proved reserves of TNK-BP as of December 31, 2010 amounted to 8.794 billion barrels. n. e. The company has promised to invest $45 billion by 2020 in the development of oil production.

In 2011, positive dynamics was observed in all areas of its activities, which made this year the most successful in the history of TNK-BP:

— oil and gas production, excluding JV, increased by 2.1% over the first 9 months of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010;

— the volume of oil refining amounted to 763 thousand barrels per day, it grew by 7%;

— net profit amounted to $6.8 billion, which is 75% (!) higher than the same period in 2010;

- revenue increased by 38%, etc.

The fact that in the first 9 months of 2011 TNK-BP significantly increased its investment attractiveness and improved financial performance, due not only to favorable market conditions, but also to an increase in its efficiency, as well as the conclusion of important international transactions:

— TNK-BP is already working in Venezuela, within 3 years it plans to invest $180 million in Junin-6;

- acquired assets in Vietnam, participates in a tender for oil and gas blocks of the Vietnamese shelf. The company considers this country to be a very promising region for oil production;

— TNK-BP, along with Rosneft, has high chances of winning auctions for 12 oil and gas fields in Iraq. Their fate will be decided at the beginning of 2012. All this allows us to say that TNK-BP has every opportunity to become one of the most efficient international oil and gas companies.

Surgut NG.

Surgutneftegaz is the 4th oil company in Russia in terms of oil production. Among other things, this company is a leader in drilling. Its market capitalization is $37.5 billion (April 2011). The share of Surgut NG in Russian oil production over the past few years has grown from 11% to almost 13%. The company's recoverable oil and gas reserves are about 2.5 billion tons of oil equivalent. The main indicators of its activity:

— the forecast for oil production in 2011 is 60.7 million tons, that is, the growth will be 2%;

— the company's oil recovery factor exceeds 0.4, while the average Russian level is 0.3. By the way, for Surgut NG, the maximum complete extraction of oil from developed fields is strategic direction;

- net profit for January-September 2011 increased 2.4 times - up to 197.537 billion rubles, frankly, a record profit;

— revenue increased by 50.7% and amounted to 641.531 billion rubles;

— the company's cash savings increased to 897 billion rubles.

But this company also has bottlenecks, experts note:

— strong dependence on the domestic market due to the insufficient capacity of its Kirishi refinery;

— the relatively high cost of oil produced by Surgut NG due to high costs for drilling, etc.

Gazprom Neft. The company ranks 5th in Russia in terms of oil production. At present, the capitalization of Gazprom Neft is about $20.2 billion. But the head of the company, Alexander Dyukov, believes that the company's shares are undervalued. In his opinion, capitalization should be at the level of $30 billion. Gazprom Neft's own proven oil reserves exceed 4 billion barrels, which allows the company to maintain existing production levels. It supplies almost 25% of marketable products to the Russian market High Quality. Gazprom Neft occupies a leading position in the retail sale of fuel in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Gazprom Neft is rightfully considered one of the country's fastest growing oil and gas companies. Last year, she became the leader in terms of rating growth. In general, 2011 was a record year for her in all key parameters:

— Hydrocarbon reserves of Gazprom Neft should increase by at least 50 million tons;

— production increased by more than 7% to 57.2 mmtoe. The company has set an ambitious goal of doubling oil production by 2020;

- net profit in January-September 2011 increased by 64% (up to 3.875 billion dollars), analysts, however, expected more - 4 billion dollars;

- revenue for the same period increased by 39% and amounted to 32.9 billion dollars, etc.

The company's strong financial performance was driven by growth in oil production, increased refining volumes (last year the company invested $2bn in refining), and incentives for Yamal fields. In addition, Gazprom is going to transfer oil licenses for 11 large fields to the balance of Gazprom Neft, the first sign will be ZAO Gazprom Neft Orenburg, 61.8% authorized capital acquired by Gazprom Neft.

But, as analysts note, for the long-term prospects of the company, it is necessary:

- additional resource base. The company plans to develop new deposits in the Orenburg region. Last summer, Gazprom Neft signed an agreement with Shell on the possibility of joint work in the fields of Western Siberia, as well as in third countries;

— introduction of enhanced oil recovery technologies;

— development of channels for the sale of petroleum products, the creation of its own network of bunkering terminals and the expansion of the network of refueling complexes at Russian airports.

Tatneft.

The company ranks 6th in the country in terms of oil production. Its capitalization is 14 billion dollars (April 2011).

The main production indicators of Tatneft for 9 months of 2011 are as follows:

— produced 19.393 thousand tons of oil, which is 0.2% more than in the same period of 2010;

- net profit amounted to 47.8 billion rubles.

Oil production in Russia

rub., which is 1.8 times more;

— revenue reached 229.46 billion rubles, an increase of 25.3%.

But this company has plenty of problems, we will note only a few of them:

— its resource base is one of the worst in the industry. Most of the company's fields are in the stage of declining production. For example, the largest Romashkinskoye field is 80% depleted;

— The cost of oil is very high. This means that if oil prices fall, Tatneft's profits will decline faster than those of other companies;

— Oil from Tatarstan is characterized by high density and high sulfur content. Prices for oil products from such raw materials (fuel oil, bitumen) are low. This requires additional costs for the purification of petroleum products. Thus, for the processing of heavy oil Tatneft is building a large oil refining complex in Nizhnekamsk (the TANECO project), it is predicted that the depth of processing here will be 96.9%;

— Suspended work in Syria due to anti-government protests. But she could already receive the first dividends from the Syrian project this year. The company faced a similar situation in Libya, where Tatneft's investments amounted to 265 million rubles, 14 wells were drilled. The company still hopes to return there in the first half of this year;

- was going to sign a billion-dollar contract with Iran, in terms of oil reserves, this country is very promising and interesting for investors. But again, bad luck. As you know, the United States and the European Union are going to impose oil sanctions on the purchase of Iranian oil.

Slavneft.

This company ranks 7th in Russia in terms of oil production. Its share in the total volume of oil produced in the country is about 3.6%. 98.95% of Slavneft's shares are controlled on a parity basis by TNK-BP and Gazprom Neft. The volume of proven remaining recoverable oil reserves as of December 31, 2010 amounted to 216.8 million tons. For the three quarters of 2011:

— the company's enterprises produced 13.5 million tons of oil, which means that the volume of oil production decreased by 1.8%;

— processing of hydrocarbon raw materials amounted to 18.3 million tons, an increase of 9.6%;

— net profit decreased by 28.7% to $122.052 million;

— net revenue increased by 30% to $4.120 billion.

The main tasks of the company today are to stabilize the level of oil production, increase the volume of processing of raw materials and modernize the processing industry. Slavneft has been engaged in the technical re-equipment of its main refinery Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (YANOS) for more than 10 years, has already invested over $1.5 billion in the modernization of the plant, and plans to invest more than $1.2 billion from 2011 to 2014. USD

Bashneft.

This company is recognized as one of the fastest growing oil companies in the world in the Platts ranking in terms of financial performance. Its capitalization in June 2011 was $10.63 billion. Bashneft showed good results in general last year:

— oil production for 9 months last year amounted to 11,257 thousand tons, which is 7.3% higher than the same period in 2010. In general, the company demonstrates a steady growth in oil production and promises to more than double it in 10-15 years;

— net profit increased by 52.7% to $1,309 billion;

— revenue amounted to 12.47 billion dollars (+45.2% compared to 2010).

Such performance of the company is explained not only by the growth in oil prices, but also by the increase in oil production, primarily due to improved drilling efficiency in old areas, as well as by the fact that its refineries are among the most modern in the country. It is no coincidence that Bashneft is the leader in terms of the depth of oil refining at its enterprises - 86.8%.

As for the weaknesses of the company, experts point to:

- incomplete loading of its refinery;

- strong dependence on the supply of raw materials for native refineries from outside, since its own oil production is 1.5-2 times less than its processing;

— depletion of the company's deposits. Most of its fields in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and the Orenburg region are in the phase of declining production. Their depletion is almost 85%, and water cut and even more - about 90%. However, it cannot be said that Bashneft is doing nothing. Against. It is trying to increase its resource base at the expense of new deposits in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug; last year it received a license to develop the Trebs and Titov deposits for 25 years. Their reserves, by the way, may amount to 63.4 million tons and 78.9 million tons, respectively. The purchase of the license allowed the company to increase inventory by 30% overnight. The cost of development is estimated at about $8 billion.

dollars. The first oil at the site is planned to be produced already in 2014.

Research financial position of domestic enterprises engaged in oil and gas production, refutes the common myth that the participation of the private sector in the management of the production company is effective. So, according to the results of 2014, Gazprom and Rosneft did not even make it into the top five. Consequently, the privatization of state structures oil and gas sector Russia does not always contribute to the improvement of the work of organizations.

Oil and gas sector: the form of ownership determines a lot

The main idea of ​​the apologists market economy, which consists in the priority of private management of mining, processing and transport enterprises, once again failed. This is convincingly shown by the analysis economic activity leading organizations in the oil and gas sector of our country. As a result of last year, Rusneft and Slavneft, owned by private individuals, ended up in last place in almost all key indicators, which is not surprising. Behind the nominee shareholders are sometimes people who understand little about the specifics of the most important market for the country.

Tatneft, RITEK and NOVATEK have been in the leading positions for many years. At the same time, one cannot fail to note the overall decline in industry average indicators and the increase in the spread between the best and worst figures. To put it simply, leading companies in the oil and gas industry began to work more efficiently, while outsiders widened the gap. An analysis of the activities of organizations in the fuel and energy complex allows us to assert with a high degree of confidence that the gap will continue to grow. The figures for the first half of 2015 confirm the emerging trend.

Oil and gas sector and vertical integration

According to Academician Alexander Andreev, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the role of small enterprises in the structure of state economy unacceptably underestimated. It is no secret that a reliable vertical of management, concentrated in several large concerns, does not at all contribute to the development of competition, although it strengthens Russia's position in the world market. In the conditions of explored deposits - and there are simply no new deposits left - small businesses have no place in the division of the sweet pie.

Alexander Andreev, and many experts agree with him, believes that it is time to change the strategy that still reigns, based on the concept of the expediency of quickly commissioning large oil and gas fields. First, they don't exist anymore. Secondly, what is needed now is not large rental incomes, which the state needed for another ten years like air, but a targeted policy aimed at the reconstruction and modernization of all enterprises.

Oil and gas sector of Russia: in anticipation of new technologies

The lag of oil and gas sector enterprises in terms of technical equipment has become especially noticeable in recent years.

The dependence of extractive organizations and processing plants on imported technologies has become simply indecent for a country with a resource-based economy. About 70% of production facilities are at the same level of development as half a century ago, modernization is extremely slow, which negatively affects the formation of prices for final products.

Where has it been seen that oil produced in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is transported to oil refineries in China? There are many refineries around, but they are unable to cope with the proposed volumes or do not pull in terms of capacity and the required quality of raw materials.

Oil companies

We need innovative equipment, an influx of new personnel capable of ensuring the level of production and processing of oil and gas at the current level.

Fast and high-quality modernization is necessary

Hoping for a quick end to the economic blockade and stabilization of the world oil and gas market in the near future is naive. According to most experts, the difficult geopolitical situation in Europe, conflicts in the Middle East, the collapse of statehood in Ukraine will be felt throughout the post-Soviet space for a long time to come. The energy map of the world is gradually changing, and India and China are becoming the main consumers of oil and gas.

Russia has great prospects to conquer this market, especially since there are vacancies. But this requires huge investments to modernize old equipment and purchase new technologies. Without this, it is unrealistic to increase the volume of oil produced. Unfortunately, the downward trend in the oil recovery factor is steadily declining, while in the USA, Norway, France, this most important indicator of the efficiency of the oil and gas sector is growing every year. It remains to wait for decisive and quick steps on the part of the state, because only private investment is not enough.

Oil production in Russia: past and present of the oil market

OIL PRODUCTION

Brief historical introduction

Since ancient times, people have collected oil from the surface of the earth (and water). At the same time, oil found rather limited use. After the safe kerosene lamp was invented in the second half of the 19th century, the demand for oil increased dramatically. The development of industrial oil production begins by drilling wells to oil-saturated reservoirs. With the discovery of electricity and the spread electric lighting, the need for kerosene as a source of lighting began to decline. At this time, the engine is invented internal combustion and the rapid development of the automotive industry begins. In the USA, the ancestor of the mass production of cars, thanks to Henry Ford, in 1908, the production of an inexpensive Model T at affordable prices began. Cars, which were at first only available to the very rich, were produced in increasing numbers. If in 1900 there were about 8 thousand cars in the USA, then by 1920 there were already 8.1 million of them. With the development of the automotive industry, the demand for gasoline and, as a result, the demand for oil increased rapidly. Until now, most of the oil is used to enable a person to move quickly (by land, by water, by air).

World oil production

V. N. Shchelkachev, analyzing in his book “Domestic and World Oil Production” historical data on oil production, proposed to divide the development of world oil production into two stages:
The first stage - from the very beginning until 1979, when the first relative maximum oil production was reached (3235 million tons).
The second stage is from 1979 to the present.

It was noted that from 1920 to 1970, world oil production increased not only in almost every new year, but also for decades, production grew almost exponentially (almost doubled every 10 years). Since 1979, there has been a slowdown in the growth of world oil production. In the early 1980s, there was even a short-term decline in oil production. In the future, the growth of oil production resumes, but not at such a rapid pace as in the first stage.

Dynamics of oil production in the world, million tons

Despite the decline in oil production in the early 80s and periodically occurring crises, in general, world oil production is growing steadily. Average annual growth rate for the period from 1970 to 2012 amounted to about 1.7%, and this figure is significantly less than the average annual growth rate of world GDP.

And do you know that…

In world practice, oil production is measured in barrels. In Russia, as it has historically developed, mass units are used to measure production. Until 1917, it was poods, and now tons.

In the UK, as well as in Russia, tons are used to account for oil production. But in Canada and Norway, unlike all other countries, oil is measured in m3.

Oil production in Russia

Oil production in Russia has been growing steadily since the early 2000s, although Lately growth rates slowed down, and in 2008 there was even a slight decline. Since 2010, oil production in Russia has overcome the bar of 500 million tons per year and is confidently staying above this level, steadily increasing.

Oil production in Russia, million tons

According to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

In 2016, despite talk of freezing production levels, a new record was set. 547 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced, which is 1.3% higher than in 2015.

Russian oil industry

Russia is one of the largest participants in the global energy market.

During 2000-2015 Russia's share in world oil production increased from 8.9% to 12.4%. To date, it is one of the three countries that determine the dynamics of prices in the oil market (along with Saudi Arabia and the United States).

Russia is a key supplier of oil and oil products for European countries; increases oil supplies to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Russia's significant share in the global oil market makes the country one of the leading participants in the global energy security system

In Russia, oil production is carried out by 8 large vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs). As well as about 150 small and medium-sized mining companies. VIOCs account for about 90% of all oil production. Approximately 2.5% of oil is produced by the largest Russian gas company Gazprom. And the rest is produced by independent mining companies.

• exploration of oil reserves, drilling and field development;
• oil production and transportation;
• oil refining and transportation of oil products;
• sales (marketing) of petroleum products

Vertical integration allows you to achieve the following competitive advantage:

• ensuring guaranteed conditions for the supply of raw materials and sales of products
• reduction of risks associated with changes in market conditions
• lower unit costs

The leaders of the oil industry in Russia in terms of oil production are Rosneft and Lukoil.

Oil production by the largest companies in 2016, million tons

The process associated with oil production is quite complex, including labor-intensive preparatory work, consisting of several stages. The preparatory stages include geological survey, seismic exploration, well drilling, well testing and much more. Thus, in order to make things a little easier for oil companies, there are now so-called oil service companies. The essence of their activity lies in the fact that such companies are engaged in the provision of various services related to drilling, as well as mining.

Their work includes:

• providing advice;
• seismic exploration;
• drilling work;
• conducting a geophysical study of the well;
• carrying out test work;
• well cementing;
• organization of mechanized oil production and much more.

Thus, the profit of oilfield services companies is based on servicing the exploration and production of the main commodities, which are oil and natural gas. Such companies and their clients have a mutually beneficial relationship. According to the well-known Joseph Bennett (Tidewater), this line of business follows the drillers - if the companies that carry out the development and production do not start drilling, then the oilfield service companies also do not start their work. Thus, each country has its own specific oilfield service companies. So, in the USA there are over several thousand companies that provide the above services. But, despite this, only shares of 91 of them are traded on stock exchanges.

The labor-intensive oilfield services industry offers a wide variety of services to provide support of various kinds. Thus, companies operating in this area provide their services both on land and at sea. As a rule, with their help, exploration and production is carried out, as well as drilling of wells is completed, geological analysis is carried out, and much more. In addition, the largest oilfield services companies also provide field modeling, monitoring and seismic forecasting services.

7 largest oil companies in Russia

The value of a company directly depends on the number of services it provides.

Thus, the most famous companies in the global oilfield service market are Schlumberger, Halliburton, McDermott and BJ Services. Schlumberger has earned its leadership by providing a wide range of services. Mid-tier players include companies such as Tidewater, Oceaneering International and Seacor Holdings. Their main activity is the supply of entire fleets of support vessels for offshore drilling rigs and platforms. They deliver various technological tools for drilling wells, transport work teams, tow rigs, set and remove anchors, and assist during repairs and construction. About 45% of the industry's profits come from support services. Another 35% of income comes from drilling, and the rest comes from equipment manufacturing. Companies that provide oilfield services should expand by expanding the product portfolio, as well as by expanding the geography of their presence.

Oilfield service companies of Russia

Oilfield service companies in Russian Federation were formed after non-core assets were withdrawn from oil and gas producing enterprises. Until recently, there was no oilfield service market in Russia. The provision of services in the oil industry as an independent industry was formed only in the last decades of the last century.

Up to this point, the provision of oilfield services fell on the shoulders of units that were in the structure of oil companies. The divisions involved in the service were separated due to the desire to reduce the cost of maintaining equipment, as well as conducting geological exploration. Thus, the involvement of third-party companies in order to organize the process aimed at the extraction of minerals has shown much greater efficiency than the maintenance of their own service units. This was the main reason why various enterprises began to form one after another, which provide services to oil companies.

It is worth saying that over a decade ago, some Russian players traded their oilfield services assets in order to increase competition. After all, competition is the main principle of the market. The service business as part of the company had significantly lower efficiency and lower quality of work. Whereas competition forces independent service companies to conduct continuous work aimed at improving the quality of services provided. In addition, competition maintains in such enterprises a willingness to cut rates. At the same time, oil companies are getting rid of the obligation to pay for the maintenance of capacities, long-term contracts can provide reliable conditions and a guarantee of performance. Based on these considerations, in 2004, LUKOIL sold the LUKOIL-Burenie division, resulting in the formation of the Eurasia Drilling Company (EDC), which became the largest oilfield services business in Russia.

Two years ago, the American company Schlumberger had plans to acquire this Russian company, however, the deal never took place due to its freezing by the Russian authorities. Once again, it is worth noting that Schlumberger, together with such global players as Halliburton, Baker Hughes, Weatherford, control the entire global oilfield services market. Moreover, each of these companies has its own specific specialization.

Gazprom Neft also decided to remove the service block from its structure. This happened in 2010, and the deal was completed a year later - in 2011. Bashneft sold its oilfield services and other non-core assets during 2012-2013.

Employees of Gazprom Neft share the same point of view and are not going to invest in the oilfield services business, with the exception of high-tech companies. Currently, over 200 oilfield service companies operate in the Russian Federation, which are divided into three main categories:

• affiliated with oil and gas companies;
• large service companies;
• medium and small service enterprises.

The Russian market of oilfield services is estimated by experts at $30 billion.

oilfield service companies

The largest oil companies in Russia

In Russia, oil production is carried out by 9 large vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs). As well as about 150 small and medium-sized mining companies. VIOCs account for about 90% of all oil production. Approximately 2.5% of oil is produced by the largest Russian gas company Gazprom. And the rest is produced by independent mining companies.

Vertical integration in the oil business is the integration of various links in the technological chain of production and processing of hydrocarbons ("from a well to a gas station"):

— exploration of oil reserves, drilling and field development;

— oil production and transportation;

— oil refining and transportation of oil products;

— sales (marketing) of petroleum products

Vertical integration allows you to achieve the following competitive advantages:

Ensuring guaranteed conditions for the supply of raw materials and sales of products

reduction of risks associated with changes in market conditions

Reducing the cost per unit of output

The leaders of the oil industry in Russia in terms of oil production are Rosneft and Lukoil.

Table No. 1.1.Oil and gas production by the largest oil companies in Russia, million tons

REFINING AND TRANSPORTATION OF OIL

Oil refining

At the exit from the well, crude oil has a very limited scope. Virtually all crude oil is refined to produce products such as gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil and industrial fuels.

In the early days of the oil industry, processing was done with a primitive distillation apparatus in which oil was brought to a boil and then various products condensed, depending on the temperature.

TOP-20 oil companies in Russia

It required little more skill than making moonshine, so whiskey makers entered the oil industry in the nineteenth century. Now oil refining is a large, complex, high-tech and expensive production complex.

Oil refining at refineries includes the following main stages:

· Preparation of oil for processing;

· Primary oil refining;

· Secondary oil refining;

· Purification of petroleum products.

Preparation of oil for processing consists in additional dehydration (up to 0.1% water content) and desalination (salt content up to 3-4 mg/l) to reduce corrosion technological equipment and improving the quality of fuels and other petroleum products.

Raw oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons in different combinations. Each component has its own value, but only when it comes out of processing. Therefore, the first stage of oil refining is its separation into its component parts. This is achieved by high-temperature distillation - essentially heating. The different constituents evaporate at different temperatures and can then be condensed into separate "pure" streams. Some of these output products are already ready for sale. Others are further processed to produce higher value products.

With simple distillation, the processes are usually limited to the removal of foreign particles and the introduction of minor changes in chemical properties. In large processing complexes, a more complex transformation at the molecular level is carried out through chemical reactions. This process is called cracking or conversion. The result is an increase in the yield of higher quality products such as gasoline and a decrease in the yield of cheaper products such as fuel oil and asphalt.

Oil wells and the oil production complex as a whole are located in close proximity to oil fields, and, as a rule, directly above the oil field. Choosing the location of an oil refinery (refinery) requires a more comprehensive approach. When placing refineries, proximity to sources of raw materials, main oil pipelines, potential consumers, as well as the availability of energy and labor resources are taken into account.

In Russia, the location of oil refineries had developed by the end of the 70s, in the 80s only one refinery was built - Achinsk. In 2002, the TANECO refinery in Nizhnekamsk was put into operation. The plant with a capacity of 7 million tons of oil per year was built to process heavy sour oil from the fields of Tatarstan.

Today in Russia there are 27 large oil refineries (refineries), providing up to 98% of primary oil refining. The mini-refinery processes 2% of oil.

Average processing depth:

in Russia - 71.5%

in the USA - 95%

in Europe - 90%

The largest gas companies in the world

Despite the unstable market situation, most of the companies specializing in the production of gas and oil continue to develop rapidly. Regularly news agencies make ratings of the largest and most profitable industrial enterprises. Each gas company has its own history of development and activities.

We offer you to familiarize yourself with the list of the largest gas companies in the world:

1. Saudi Aramco. The company has been operating since the 1930s in Saudi Arabia. A large enterprise is provided with the necessary technical means for oil and gas production, including its own air service with airports.
2. Gazprom. Russian enterprise is one of the largest in the world. It was founded in 1989 and began to develop rapidly in the early 90s. Most of the company's assets are owned by the state. Gazprom is a major gas supplier to many countries of the world.
3. National Iranian Oil Company. The oil company was founded in Iran at the beginning of the 20th century, but its rapid development began in the 50s. Since 1979, the company has been nationalized.
4. ExxonMobil. The industrial enterprise was founded in 1911 as a result of the collapse of the Standard Oil Company, owned by John Davison Rockefeller.

   Russian oil and gas industry in facts and figures

   Large volumes of mined minerals have led to bad reputation enterprises because of his involvement in serious environmental disasters.

5. petroChina. The nationalized Chinese company has been operating since 1999. Mining sites are located in Canada, Australia and Africa, so the company is actively developing.
6. Royal Dutch Shell. A large oil and gas company was created in 1907 as a result of the merger of several small firms. It focuses on the manufacture of automotive oils, but gas and oil production activities are no less successful.
7. Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex). It was nationalized in 1938 and brings large incomes to Mexico. Corporation has state support in exploration of new deposits.
8. Chevron. The corporation began its existence in 1879 in California. It received its current name through a merger with the company of the same name in 2001. Representative offices of the corporation are located in 180 countries of the world. The main activity is oil production.
9. Kuwait Petroleum Corp. The corporation was founded in 1934 in Kuwait, and in 1980 it was nationalized. The company has large production facilities, which are constantly expanding. This ensures the production of gas and oil in large volumes and an increase in profits.

After reviewing the listed corporations, we can conclude that the production of gas and other minerals is carried out in large volumes using modern production facilities. Despite the great competition, large companies are actively developing and carrying out profitable activities.

Fuel resources provide energy not only for the entire industry of any country in the world, but also for almost all spheres of human life. The most important part of Russia is the oil and gas sector.

The oil and gas industry is a generalized name for a complex of industrial enterprises for the extraction, transportation, processing and distribution of the final products of oil and gas processing. This is one of the most powerful sectors of the Russian Federation, largely forming the country's budget and balance of payments, providing foreign exchange earnings and maintaining the national currency.

History of development

The beginning of the formation of the oil field in the industrial sector is considered to be 1859, when mechanical drilling of wells was first used in the United States. Now almost all oil is produced through wells with only a difference in the efficiency of production. In Russia, the extraction of oil from drilled wells began in 1864 in the Kuban. The production debit at that time was 190 tons per day. In order to increase profits, much attention was paid to the mechanization of extraction, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, Russia took a leading position in oil production.

The first major regions for the extraction of oil in Soviet Russia were the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny) and Baku (Azerbaijan). These dwindling older deposits did not meet the needs of the developing industry, and significant efforts were made to discover new deposits. As a result, several fields were put into operation in Central Asia, Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions, the so-called Volga-Ural base was created.

The volume of oil produced reached 31 million tons. In the 1960s, the amount of black gold mined increased to 148 million tons, of which 71% came from the Volga-Ural region. In the 1970s, deposits in the West Siberian basin were discovered and put into operation. With oil exploration, a large number of gas deposits have been discovered.

Importance of the oil and gas industry for the Russian economy

The oil and gas industry has a significant impact on the Russian economy. Currently, it is the basis for budgeting and ensuring the functioning of many other sectors of the economy. The value of the national currency largely depends on world oil prices. The carbon energy resources produced in the Russian Federation make it possible to fully satisfy domestic demand for fuel, ensure the energy security of the country, and also make a significant contribution to the global energy and raw materials economy.

The Russian Federation has a huge hydrocarbon potential. The Russian oil and gas industry is one of the world's leading ones, fully meeting domestic current and future needs for oil and refined products. A significant amount of hydrocarbon resources and their products is exported, providing replenishment of the foreign exchange reserves. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of liquid hydrocarbon reserves with a share of about 10%. Oil reserves have been explored and developed in the bowels of 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Oil and gas industry: structure

There are several structural basic processes that make up the oil and gas industry: the oil and gas production, transportation and processing industries.

• Hydrocarbon production is a complex process that includes field exploration, well drilling, production itself and primary purification from water, sulfur and other impurities. Enterprises or structural units, the infrastructure of which includes booster and cluster pumping stations, water discharge installations and oil pipelines.
• Transportation of oil and gas from production sites to metering stations, to processing enterprises and to the final consumer is carried out using pipeline, water, automobile and railway transport. and trunk) are the most economical way to transport hydrocarbons, despite the very expensive facilities and maintenance. Oil and gas are transported by pipelines over long distances, including across different continents. Transportation by waterways using tankers and barges with a displacement of up to 320 thousand tons is carried out in intercity and international communications. Rail and trucks can also be used to transport crude oil over long distances, but are most cost effective on relatively short routes.
• The processing of raw hydrocarbon energy carriers is carried out in order to obtain various types oil products. First of all, this different types fuels and raw materials for subsequent chemical processing. The process is carried out at oil refineries refineries. End products of processing, depending on chemical composition are classified into different brands. The final stage of production is the mixing of the various obtained components in order to obtain the required composition corresponding to a specific

Fields of the Russian Federation

The Russian oil and gas industry includes 2,352 oil fields under development. The largest oil and gas region in Russia is Western Siberia, it accounts for 60% of all extracted black gold. A significant part of oil and gas is produced in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The volume of production of the product in other regions of the Russian Federation:

• Volga-Ural base - 22%.
• Eastern Siberia - 12%.
• Northern deposits - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

The share of Western Siberia in natural gas production reaches almost 90%. The largest deposits (about 10 trillion cubic meters) are in the Urengoy field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The volume of gas production in other regions of the Russian Federation:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• Volga-Ural deposits - 3.5%.
• Yakutia and Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

and gas

The task of refining is to turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. Refined products include heating oil, gasoline for vehicles, fuel for jet engines, diesel fuel. The refinery process includes distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, cracking, alkylation, isomerization and hydrotreating.

Natural gas processing includes compression, amine cleaning, glycol drying. The fractionation process involves the separation of the liquefied natural gas stream into its constituent parts: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and natural gasoline.

The largest companies in Russia

Initially, all major oil and gas fields were developed exclusively by the state. Today, these objects are available for use by private companies. In total, the oil and gas industry of Russia has more than 15 large producing enterprises, among which are the well-known Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz.

The oil and gas industry in the world allows solving important economic, political and social tasks. Given the favorable situation on the world energy markets, many oil and gas suppliers use their export earnings to make significant investments in national economy show exceptional growth dynamics. The most illustrative examples are the countries of Southwest Asia, as well as Norway, which, with low industrial development, thanks to hydrocarbon reserves, has become one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.

Development prospects

The oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation is largely dependent on the behavior of the main competitors in the market for production: Saudi Arabia and the United States. By itself, the total amount of hydrocarbons produced does not determine world prices. The dominant indicator is the percentage of production in a single oil power. The cost of production in different leading countries in terms of production varies significantly: the lowest in the Middle East, the highest in the United States. When the volume of oil production is unbalanced, prices can change both in one direction and in the other.

Increasingly in strategic plans development of our country, the government focuses on the need to move away from the status of "raw material power". At the same time, the main stake is placed on the development of its own processing of raw materials and the establishment of production, and large industrial centers are attracting more and more attention.

We offer Top 10 largest industrial centers of Russia, compiled according to the Institute of Territorial Planning "Urbanika".

10. Novokuznetsk

The volume of industrial production is 264 billion rubles.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry enterprises operate in the city. Among the owners of the leading industrial facilities are Evraz Group, UMMC, Sibuglemet, Rusal.

9. Chelyabinsk

RUB 277.3 billion.

The city is a recognized leader in Russia in the field of ferrous metallurgy, high-level mechanical engineering and the food industry. In Chelyabinsk, there are enterprises of OAO Mechel, groups Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant, Cheboksary Electromechanical Plant, Coca-Cola, Russian Technologies State Corporation.

8. Norilsk

312 billion rubles

The life of this polar city is built around the activities of the leader in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy, MMC Norilsk Nickel.

7. Ufa

313.6 billion rubles

The city received the status of a major industrial center thanks to the development of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industries. The leading enterprises are owned by OAO ANK Bashneft, Russian Technologies State Corporation, Wimm-Bill-Dann, Pharmstandard.

6. Perm

331.3 billion rubles

The city can boast of significant success in the field of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and chemical industry. The owners of the leading industrial facilities are OAO Lukoil, State Corporation Rostekhnologii and Roskosmos, Nestle, Henkel and others.

5. Omsk

348.4 billion rubles

The city has large enterprises operating in such industries as oil and gas processing, chemical and food industries, and mechanical engineering. The main industrial facilities are owned by OAO Gazprom Neft, Unilever, Wimm-Bill-Dann, State Corporation Rostekhnologii and Roskosmos.

4. Nizhnevartovsk

481.6 billion rubles

This is one of the leading Russian centers for the production and processing of oil and gas. Industrial facilities of TNK-BP, Gazprom Neft, Russneft, Slavneft, SIBUR operate in the city.

3. Surgut

800.3 billion rubles

A leader in the extraction and processing of oil and gas, the city also has large enterprises operating in the power industry, Food Industry and R&D. The main industrial facilities are owned by OAO Surgutneftegaz, OGK-2, OGK-4, SIBUR.

2. St. Petersburg

1282.7 billion rubles

The northern capital has industrial facilities for the food and chemical industries, mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, production of building materials, and R&D. The city has production capacity Philip Morris International Inc., JTI, BAT, Kraft Foods, Procter&Gamble, United shipbuilding corporation, Russian Technologies, Toyota, Nissan, GM, HP, State Corporation Rosatom, Intel and many others.

1. Moscow

1895.2 billion rubles

The largest enterprises of the capital operate in such industries as mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industry, oil and gas processing, R&D. The main industrial facilities are owned by Roskosmos, Rosatom, Rostekhnologii, Sukhoi Design Bureau, Renault, United Technologies, Volvo, Wimm-Bill-Dann, United Confectioners, Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola, RusHydro, GlaxoSmithKline.

Industry is an important component of the country's economic complex. Its leading role is determined by the fact that it supplies ever new materials and tools. Among other industries, it stands out for its regional and complex-forming functions.

Briefly about Russian industry

To date, the number of enterprises in Russia is approaching the mark of 460 thousand, they provide jobs for almost 15 million people, the volume of their products has exceeded the mark of 21 billion rubles. The industry of our country is characterized by a complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in improvement in the development of the territorial division of labor. It is directly related to scientific and technological progress.

Classification

Modern Russia is characterized by a fairly high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening division of labor, various branches, sub-sectors and types of production arose. Together, they form an industry structure. In the current current classification, eleven complex industries are identified, such as electric power, fuel, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metalworking and mechanical engineering, petrochemical and chemical, pulp and paper, forestry, woodworking, food, light industry. This division is determined by many economic and social factors, the main of which are: technical progress, level of development, social and historical conditions, natural skills of the local population.

Industry is divided into:

• Mining. This includes industries associated not only with the extraction of minerals, but also their enrichment. In addition, it includes fishing for marine animals, fish and seafood.
• Processing. This includes industrial enterprises Russia engaged in the processing of products of the extractive industry. In addition, it also includes the processing of forest and agricultural raw materials. This industry is the basis of the entire heavy industry of the country.

The largest enterprises in Russia. Gazprom"

Consider the top seven in the ranking of the largest companies in our country. In compiling this list, their assets, revenues and profits were taken into account. Mostly in the list of giants were Russia, or rather, one of the branches of this industry - oil production. But first things first.

So, the undisputed leader is OAO Gazprom. This Russian gas company was founded in 1989. It operates in the gas production and gas distribution industry. Gazprom ranks fifteenth in the world in terms of its assets, and in terms of revenue, it ranks 24th in the ranking of global companies. The company's gas transportation system is 160,000 kilometers long and is the longest on our planet. 51 percent of the company's shares are owned by the state. The market value of Gazprom exceeds 156 billion US dollars, its turnover is 150 billion dollars, and its assets are estimated at more than 303 billion dollars. This enterprise provides jobs for more than four hundred thousand people.

OAO Lukoil

Considering it is impossible not to mention this company. She takes second place in our ranking. This enterprise was organized in 1991. The main activity of the OJSC is the exploration, production, processing and sale of oil and natural gas. Until 2007, it was the largest black gold mining company; in terms of revenue, it occupies the second position after Gazprom. At the beginning of 2011, in terms of hydrocarbon reserves, Lukoil was considered the third company in the world ranking of private enterprises, and in terms of oil reserves, it was the first in the world. Thus, its market value is more than 55 billion dollars; assets - $90.6 billion; turnover - 105 billion dollars; annual revenue - 111.4 billion dollars; profit - 10.4 billion dollars. This enterprise provides jobs for more than one hundred and fifty thousand people.

OJSC Rosneft

This company is also included in the list of Russian enterprises whose assets can compete with the world's giants. JSC was established in 1993. Its main activity is exploration and gas operations, as well as the production of petroleum products and petrochemicals. An interesting fact is that since 2007 the company has surpassed its rival Lukoil in terms of oil production thanks to the purchase of Yukos assets. The cost of this enterprise is about 80 billion dollars; turnover - 63 billion dollars; revenue - about 60 billion dollars; assets - $106 billion; profit reaches 11.3 billion dollars. The Rosneft company provides jobs for about 170 thousand people.

OJSC "Sberbank of Russia"

This organization confirms that major Russia work not only in the extractive industries, the fourth place in our ranking is occupied by finance company. OJSC is a universal banking structure, as it provides a fairly wide range of services. Thus, according to 2009 data, its share of Russian market deposits amounted to more than 50 percent, and the loan portfolio amounted to more than thirty percent of the loans that were issued throughout the country. The market value of Sberbank is about $75 billion; the share of assets - 282.4 billion dollars; profit - 31.8 billion dollars. The company provides jobs for more than 240 thousand people.

OAO TNK-BP Holding

This enterprise was organized relatively recently - in 2003. Its specialization is oil production and its processing. The basis for its creation was the parity principles of TNK and British BP. The market value of the holding is $51.6 billion; revenue - 60.2 billion dollars; profit reaches 9 billion dollars. The enterprise provides jobs for more than 50 thousand people.

OAO Surgutneftegaz

Large enterprises of Russia have been replenished with another "oil pump", he took the sixth place in our rating. JSC was founded in 1990 and is one of the largest oil and gas companies in the country. The company is registered in the city of Surgut, where its headquarters is located. The estimated cost is about $40 billion; assets - $46.6 billion; revenue - $20.3 billion; profit - 4.3 billion dollars. Surgutneftegaz provides jobs for more than 110 thousand people.

JSC VTB Bank

Our list ends with another financial institution. The beginning of its activity is 1990, before that the enterprise was called Vneshtorgbank. This commercial organization was able to bypass Sberbank of Russia in terms of the size of the authorized capital, and took a strong second place in terms of assets. The head office of the company is located in Moscow, but the place of registration is the cultural capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. The company's market value, according to preliminary estimates, is $26.4 billion; equity - $19.7 billion; assets - $139.3 billion; revenue - 12.6 billion dollars. The enterprise provides jobs for almost 70 thousand people.

As you can see, only oil and gas producing companies And financial institutions. However, large Russian enterprises are not limited only to the mining sector, even if they do not have so many assets and such cosmic profits, but they also have something to brag about. For example, some of them even got into the Guinness Book of Records. However, more on that later.

Manufacturing enterprises in Russia. "Izhora plant"

Although this enterprise cannot compete with the leaders of our rating, it is known and respected all over the world. This plant is one of the largest on the planet, capable of producing almost any part. And some of them are not produced anywhere else. The enterprise belongs to the sub-sector of heavy engineering. It is located in Kolpino (St. Petersburg). The range of this plant includes powerful excavators, rolling and power equipment, sheet and long products and much more. The enterprise in Kolpino is the only manufacturer of vessels for nuclear reactors in the Russian Federation.

"Uralvagonzavod"

The defense enterprises of Russia include more than 1200 factories of various profiles. Many of them are widely known, and their products often have no analogues in the world. However, in this article we consider enterprises from the standpoint of their size, in this regard, we should focus on Uralvagonzavod. Due to its size, it got into the Guinness Book of Records and is considered the largest enterprise on the planet, its area is 827 thousand square meters. Located in Sverdlovsk region in the city of Nizhny Tagil. In fact, it is a research and production corporation that is engaged in both the development and production of new types of military equipment, road construction machines, and railway cars. The corporation includes manufacturing enterprises, design department and research institutes. The state owns the entire stake in this enterprise.

Finally

Despite the practically unceasing global economic crises, Russia continues to be an industrial world power. Quite recently (on a historical scale), our country has dramatically changed its course of development, and today no one will reproach Russians for their lack of desire to work, to build their future already in the conditions of capitalist realities. Let skeptics say that the share of industrial production in Russia is inexorably declining and only the extractive industries remain in demand, that almost all raw materials are exported. Of course, there is some truth in these words, but it should be understood that, as in wild nature here survival of the fittest. During recent years The construction complex and industrial enterprises of Russia are rapidly developing towards capital re-equipment and re-equipment of factories to work according to new standards and technologies. Now the focus is on economically justified production volumes with a minimum number of workers. This is achieved thanks to high-tech equipment and an increase in the share of automation of the production process.

This trend has led to the fact that over the past ten years the number of plants has increased significantly. As a result, for ease of orientation in this mass of companies, a directory was developed from which you can find out how many enterprises in Russia, their contact details, what they produce and a lot of other information that will be useful to both entrepreneurs and ordinary people. This idea was implemented within the framework of the project "All Industry of Russia".

Gas industry- the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas. Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production.

On the territory of Russia there are about 1/3 explored world reserves of natural gas, the potential reserves of which are estimated at 160 trillion. m3, of which the European part accounts for 11.6%, and the eastern regions - 84.4%, the shelf of inland seas - 0.5%.

Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia, including 87% in the Yamal-Nenets and 4% in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The largest deposits are located here: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, etc. The industrial reserves of natural gas in this region account for more than 60% of all the country's resources. Among other gas producing territories, the Urals (Orenburg gas condensate field - more than 3% of production), the Northern District (Vuktylskoye field) stand out. There are natural gas resources in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan gas condensate field), in the North Caucasus (North Stavropol, Kuban-Priazovskoe fields), Far East(Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Tungor on Sakhalin Island).

Shelf areas of the Arctic and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are considered promising areas for gas production. Gas supergiants have been discovered in the Barents and Kara Seas - Leningradskoye, Rusanovskoye, Shtokmanovskoye fields.

For gas transportation in Russia, a one system gas supply, including fields under development, a network of gas pipelines (143 thousand km), compressor stations, underground storage facilities and other installations. There are large gas supply systems: Central, Volga, Ural, multi-line system Siberia-Center.

Russia's gas industry is dominated by RAO Gazprom is the world's largest gas production structure, one of the country's most important natural monopolies, providing 94% of all Russian gas production.

Oil industry

Oil industry engages in the extraction and transportation of oil, as well as the extraction of associated gas. Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of the world's - the sixth largest in the world).

The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province have been studied and developed the most. There are large deposits here: Romashkinskoye - in Tataria, Shkapovskoye and Tuymazinskoye - in Bashkiria, Mukhanovskoye - in the Samara region. and etc.

Main oil resources concentrated in the West Siberian oil and gas province. Since 1960, the Shaim, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil regions have been delineated here, where such large fields as Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Megionskoye, Yuganskoye, Kholmogorskoye, Variegonskoye and others are located.

The formation of the Timan-Pechora oil base continues, the largest field is Usinskoye. Heavy oil is extracted here (by the mine method) - the most valuable raw material for the production of low-temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.

Oil was also found in other regions of Russia: in the North Caucasus, in the Caspian lowland, on about. Sakhalin, in the shelf zones of the Barents, Kara, Okhotsk, Caspian Seas.

Oil production is concentrated in the three most important oil and gas provinces, which together provide over 9/10 of all Russian oil, including more than 2/3 in the West Siberian province, and about 1/4 of the total production in the Volga-Urals.

The privatization of oil and gas facilities has shattered the previously unified centrally controlled state system. Private oil companies have seized production facilities and the country's national wealth - oil fields and their reserves. There are 17 companies in the Russian oil complex. Among them, the largest are LUKOIL (18.7% of Russian oil production), TNK (18.5%), Rosneft (15.6%), Surgutneftegaz (13.6%) and Sibneft ( 9.7%.

The advancement of production to the eastern regions and to the north of the European part sharply poses the problem of oil transportation. The most effective means for this in Russia are pipelines (see chapter “Transport complex”). The development of the network of oil pipelines contributes to the further approach of oil refining to the places of consumption of oil products.

gas processing industry is engaged in the primary processing of associated gas from oil fields and is located in large oil production centers - Surgut, Nezhnevartovsk, Almetyevsk, Ukhta. However, the most powerful gas processing centers in Russia are the centers of gas condensate fields - Orenburg and Astrakhan.

The location of enterprises in the oil refining industry depends on the size of the consumption of petroleum products in different regions, the technology of processing and transporting oil, and the territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.

Currently there are 28 refineries(refinery) with a total capacity of 300 million tons per year. Almost 90% of the capacities of the oil refining industry are located in the European part of Russia, which is explained by its predominant attraction to the consumer: it is cheaper to transport crude oil through pipelines than to transport petroleum products, and technological process Because of this, most of the country's refineries are located on the Volga and its tributaries (Volgograd, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl), along the routes and at the ends of oil pipelines (Tuapse, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Komsomolsk-on- Amur), as well as in points with an advantageous transport and geographical position (Khabarovsk). A significant amount of oil is also processed in the places of its production: Ufa, Salavat, Samara, Perm, Ukhta, Krasnodar.