2.5. Status and development prospects of aircraft engine building in Russia There are about 40 engine building enterprises in Russia. However, domestic aircraft engines are inferior to the best world models in terms of service life, fuel consumption, noise level and

Health and Industry Trends Your business does not exist in a vacuum; as a rule, the company operates in the same conditions that affect the industry as a whole. If there is a decline in consumer spending across the country, it is very

That the country is going to spend 1.6 trillion rubles on various space programs by 2020. First of all, it was about the continuation of the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome - the first launch of a launch vehicle from this launch pad is scheduled for the end of 2015. At the same time, plans were announced to create by 2030 some systems to counter the use of weapons from space and in space, plans to send astronauts in the future beyond the earth's orbit, including the creation of a permanent lunar base, which can then be used as an intermediate point for flights to Mars (however, it is planned to start implementing this program closer to 2030).

How does Russia look at the prospects for the development of the space industry today, a year later? About this for Russian newspaper”wrote in the article “Russian Space” Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin, who oversees the defense and rocket and space industries. Under the slogan “We are moving from cosmic romanticism to earthly pragmatism,” he noted that Russia now faces three strategic tasks in the study and development of outer space: expanding its presence in low Earth orbits and moving from their development to use; development with subsequent colonization of the Moon and circumlunar space; preparation and beginning of the exploration of Mars and other objects of the solar system.

First, he touched upon the problems that the Russian space industry has faced in recent decades: the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent severe tests of the rocket and space industry of the former Union, the thoughtless “eating away” of the scientific and technical backlog. In many ways, the industry has been set back decades. Although today Russia is still the leader in manned space programs and the stable operation of the world's second GLONASS satellite navigation system is ensured, the general state of the industry cannot be called prosperous.

Guaranteed access to space from your territory

In order to improve the state of affairs until 2030, the Russian Federation is going to ensure guaranteed access to space from its territory: launches of defense and dual-purpose spacecraft will be gradually transferred from the Baikonur cosmodrome to the Plesetsk and Vostochny cosmodromes. However, Russia will not leave Kazakhstan: launch complexes will be used as part of international programs and with more active participation of the Kazakh side. For example, within the framework of the Baiterek project for the creation and operation of a medium-class space complex.

At present, work on the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome is in full swing: the launch and technical complexes for the Soyuz-2 family of launch vehicles, design and survey work is being carried out on objects of heavy missile system"Angara". The supporting infrastructure of the cosmodrome is being built. At the same time, the creation of promising launch vehicles of light, medium and heavy classes is being completed.

Space communications and remote sensing of the Earth

The Federal Space Program of Russia for 2006-2015 provides for the development and creation of a whole series of communication satellites on a modern technological basis. By the end of 2015, the domestic constellation of communication and broadcasting satellites will be almost completely renewed. The problem is that the electronic component base (ECB), which makes up 90% of each spacecraft, is highly dependent on foreign suppliers. Onboard relay complexes of communication satellites created in recent years are either entirely manufactured by foreign firms or created at industry enterprises based on foreign components. Therefore, the Federal Space Agency assumed the role of a system integrator and actual customer of the domestic industry of radiation-resistant ECB.

The direction of remote sensing of the Earth (ERS) from space that is in demand today includes hydrometeorology, cartography, search for minerals, information support economic activity, detection and monitoring of emergency situations, environmental conditions, forecasting of earthquakes and other destructive natural phenomena. In order to meet these needs of Russia, an updated domestic remote sensing system will be created. And the minimum required number of its satellite constellation should be 28 spacecraft, which is planned to be achieved within the next 7-10 years.

The development of the GLONASS navigation system will also be continued: the GLONASS-M spacecraft are being replaced by a new generation of GLONASS-K navigation devices with improved technical specifications, which will expand the scope and improve the quality of navigation support. Work continues to promote GLONASS navigation services on the world market.

Scientific directions

Russia is also going to expand its efforts in the creation of scientific spacecraft for space exploration. In 2011, the Russian space radio telescope "Spektr-R" with an antenna with a diameter of 10 meters was successfully launched into orbit, it became the basis of the ongoing international project of radio interferometric research "RadioAstron". In the same 2011, the launch of the Phobos-Grunt interplanetary station ended in failure.

In the spring of 2013, the flight of the Bion-M1 apparatus took place with animals and microorganisms on board. During the flight, more than 70 experiments in the field of space biology, physiology and radiation biology were successfully performed. In the near future, the launch of a new Russian scientific satellite "Photon-M" should take place, with the help of which Russian program microgravity research in fluid physics, space technology and biotechnology.

Finally, this year the MKA-FKI-RELEK small spacecraft will be launched, which is supposed to conduct experiments on the study of cosmic rays, as well as several technical experiments. The work on the ExoMars project is being intensively developed. Projects are being prepared for large astrophysical observatories of the Spektr-Spektr-RG and Spektr-UV series. Work continues on the creation of promising observatories Spektr-M (Millimetron) and GAMMA-400.

Pragmatism in the development and use of near-Earth orbits

Competition in the development and use of near-Earth orbits is intensifying today. Dmitry Olegovich notes: “On January 12, the Cygnus unmanned spacecraft docked to the ISS, delivering 1.5 tons of equipment, food and CubeSat satellites into low Earth orbit. The total carrying capacity of this ship is 2.7 tons. Our Progress-M is capable of lifting a little more than 2 tons into orbit. It is important that Cygnus, like its Antares launch vehicle, was created not by a state corporation, but by a small private American company, Orbital Sciences, which employs only 4,000 people. In addition, the Dragon spacecraft, created by SpaceX and capable of delivering 6 tons of cargo into orbit, flew to the ISS last year for the third time. In addition to the ships of these two companies and our Progress, the ATV launch vehicles of the European Space Agency (payload of 7.7 tons) and HTV of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (6 tons) act as unmanned cabs on the ISS.

But not only and not so much in the payload capacity. The Soyuz manned spacecraft and the Progress transporter are veterans of cosmonautics. SpaceX was founded in 2002. It employs 3800 employees. This is 12 times less than, for example, in the GKNPTs im. M. V. Khrunichev, where they assemble another veteran of the domestic space - the heavy Proton launch vehicle. For this reason, too, flights of domestic launch vehicles and ships are more expensive than those of our Western competitors. Comparison of the cost of space technology in Russia and China, in which the space program is elevated to the rank state priority, also turns out to be not in our favor.

According to the Deputy Prime Minister, space has practically ceased to be only a matter of pride and prestige of the state, having become an industry with its own rates of profitability, depreciation and profit. Therefore, all existing and prospective space programs should be considered through the prism of their profitability, including the program of scientific work on the Russian segment of the International Space Station. Russia seeks to increase the economic efficiency of manned flights, speed up (up to 1-2 years) the adaptation of ships to new tasks, reduce the development time for new modules, complete "long-term space construction" and adapt to the needs of the customer.

Moon and deep space exploration

Also, Russia is going to seriously and for a long time to deal with the issue of the exploration of the moon. The first landings of a man on the moon are planned to be made in 2030, after which the deployment of a visited lunar base with a laboratory will begin. There, according to Mr. Rogozin, it is planned to place tools for studying the depths of the Universe, a laboratory for studying lunar minerals, meteorites, and pilot production of useful substances, gases, and water from regolith. Then test sites will be placed for the accumulation and transmission of energy over a distance, for testing new engines. The task, according to Mr. Rogozin, is grandiose, daunting and ambitious, but at the same time realizable. It will testify to the technological maturity of Russia, to the creation of a strategic intellectual and industrial reserve for future generations.

To explore the Moon, it is necessary to create a promising manned transport system based on a superheavy class rocket and a promising system of habitats. In addition, design work is underway to create powerful interorbital (interplanetary) tugs, without which the exploration of the Moon and the exploration of the planets of the solar system is impossible. The appearance of such means will make it possible not only to reach the Moon, but also to carry out flights to asteroids and Mars in the future. The moon can become an intermediate base in the exploration of deep space, solving scientific problems and problems such as combating the asteroid-comet danger to the Earth. The key areas of development within the framework of the national project "Study of deep space" will be the creation of nuclear power plants and plasma energy conversion technologies, the development of biotechnology, robotics and new materials.

As Dmitry Rogozin notes, most Russian scientists believe that the Moon is the most important object for fundamental scientific research. Its origin in many ways sheds light on the most complex issues of cosmogony: the birth of the solar system, its development and future. In addition, the Moon is the closest source of extraterrestrial matter, minerals, minerals, volatile compounds, and water. The moon is a natural platform for technological research and testing of new space technology. The opinion about the need to explore the Moon is also shared by the united Europe, China, Japan, and India.

“We do not position the task of flying to the moon as a program limited in time and resources. The moon is not an intermediate point in the distance, it is an independent and even self-sufficient goal. It is hardly expedient to make 10-20 flights to the Moon, and then, leaving everything behind, fly to Mars or asteroids. This process has a beginning, but no end: we are going to go to the moon forever. In addition, flights to Mars, to asteroids, in our view, not only do not contradict the exploration of the Moon, but in many ways imply this process, ” Rogozin stressed.

Cooperation with NASA

Due to the events in Ukraine, cooperation between the Russian Federation and NASA was called into question: the Americans announced sanctions, which, however, should not have affected joint work on the ISS (Russia has accumulated unique experience in this area). But now Roskosmos has reported that the position of the State Department on cooperation between Russia and NASA has softened a lot. Deputy Head of the Federal Space Agency Sergey Savelyev noted: “No damage has been done to international projects. It is possible to work in almost all areas of interaction between our agencies.”.

The rearmament of the fleet and the army is not only about the supply of modern equipment to the troops. New types of weapons are constantly being created in the Russian Federation. It also solves them perspective development. Consider further the latest military developments in Russia in some areas.

Strategic intercontinental missile

This type is an important weapon. The basis of the missile forces of the Russian Federation are liquid heavy ICBMs "Sotka" and "Voevoda". Their service life has been extended three times. Currently, a heavy Sarmat complex has been developed to replace them. It is a hundred-ton class missile that carries at least ten multiple warheads in the head element. The main characteristics of "Sarmat" have already been assigned. Serial production is scheduled to begin at the legendary Krasmash, for the reconstruction of which 7.5 billion rubles have been allocated from the Federation budget. Promising combat equipment is already being created, including individual breeding units with promising means of overcoming missile defense (ROC "Inevitability" - "Breakthrough").

Installation "Vanguard"

In 2013, the commanders of the Strategic Missile Forces conducted an experimental launch of this medium-class ballistic intercontinental missile. It was the fourth launch since 2011. Three previous launches were also successful. In this test, the rocket flew with a mock combat unit. It replaced the previously used ballast. "Vanguard" is a fundamentally newest rocket, which is not considered a continuation of the Topol family. The command of the Strategic Missile Forces calculated an important fact. It lies in the fact that Topol-M can be hit by 1 or 2 anti-missiles (for example, the American type SM-3), and at least 50 will be required for one Avangard. That is, the effectiveness of a missile defense breakthrough has increased significantly.

In the installation of the "Avangard" type, the already familiar missile with a multiple head element of personal guidance has been replaced by the latest system, which has a guided warhead (UBB). This is an important innovation. The blocks in the MIRV are located in 1 or 2 tiers (in the same way as in the Voevoda installation) around the breeding stage engine. By command of the computer, the stage begins to turn towards one of the targets. Then, with a small impulse of the engine, the warhead released from the mounts is sent to the target. Its flight is carried out along a ballistic curve (like a thrown stone), without maneuvering in height and course. In turn, the controlled unit, unlike the specified element, looks like an independent rocket with a personal guidance and control system, an engine and rudders resembling conical "skirts" at the bottom. This is an efficient device. The engine can allow him to maneuver in space, and in the atmosphere - "skirt". Due to this control, the warhead flies 16,000 km from a 250-kilometer altitude. In general, the range of the Avangard can be more than 25,000 km.

Bottom missile systems

The latest military developments of Russia are also present in this area. Here, too, there are innovations. Back in the summer of 2013, tests were carried out in the White Sea of ​​such weapons as the new Skif ballistic missile, which is capable of firing in the standby mode on the ocean or seabed at the right time and hitting a ground and sea target. It uses the thickness of the ocean as the original mine installation. The location of these systems at the bottom of the water element will provide the necessary invulnerability to the weapons of retaliation.

The latest military developments in Russia - mobile missile systems

Much work has been invested in this direction. The Russian Defense Ministry in 2013 began testing a new hypersonic missile. Its flight speed is approximately 6 thousand km / h. It is known that today hypersonic technology is being researched in Russia in several developing areas. Along with this, the Russian Federation also produces combat railroad and naval missile systems. This significantly upgrades weapons. In this direction, experimental design of the latest military developments in Russia is actively carried out.

Also, the so-called throw test launches of Kh-35UE missiles were successfully completed. They were fired from installations placed in a cargo-type container of the Club-K complex. The Kh-35 anti-ship missile is distinguished by its flight to the target and stealth at a height not exceeding 15 meters, and at the final section of its trajectory - 4 meters. The presence of a powerful warhead and a combined homing system makes it possible to completely destroy a militarized ship with a displacement of 5 thousand tons with one unit of this weapon. For the first time, a model of this missile system was shown in Malaysia in 2009, in a military technical salon.

He immediately made a splash, as the Club-K is a typical twenty and forty-foot cargo containers. This military equipment of Russia is transported by rail, on sea vessels or trailers. Command posts and launchers with Kh-35UE 3M-54E and 3M-14E multipurpose missiles are placed in said container. They can hit both land and surface targets. Every container ship that carries the Club-K is, in principle, a missile carrier with a devastating salvo.

This is an important weapon. Absolutely any echelon with these installations or a convoy, which includes heavy-duty container carriers, is a powerful missile unit that can appear in any unexpected place. Successfully conducted tests proved that Club-K is not a fiction, it is a real combat system. These new developments of military equipment are a confirmed fact. Similar tests are also being prepared with 3M-14E and 3M-54E missiles. By the way, the 3M-54E missile can completely destroy an aircraft carrier.

Strategic bomber of the latest generation

At present, the Tupolev company is developing and improving a promising aviation complex (PAK DA). It is the latest generation Russian strategic bomber-carrier. This aircraft is not an improvement of the TU-160, but will be an innovative aircraft based on the latest solutions. In 2009, a contract was signed between the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Tupolev company to conduct R&D on the basis of the PAK DA for a period of three years. In 2012, an announcement was made that the PAK DA preliminary project had already been completed and signed, and then the latest military research and development began.

In 2013, this was approved by the command of the Russian Air Force. PAK DA is famous for itself as modern nuclear missile carriers TU-160 and TU-95MS.
Of several options, they settled on a subsonic stealth aircraft with a “flying wing” scheme. This military equipment of Russia is not able to overcome the speed of sound due to its design features and huge wingspan, but it can be invisible to radars.

Future missile defense

Work continues on the creation of the S-500 missile defense system. In this newest generation, it is planned to use separate tasks for the neutralization of aerodynamic and ballistic missiles. The S-500 differs from the S-400, designed for air defense, in that it is being created as an anti-missile defense system.

It will also be able to fight hypersonic weapons that are actively developing in the United States. These new military Russian developments are important. The S-500 is an aerospace defense system that they want to build in 2015. It will have to neutralize objects that fly at an altitude above 185 km and at a distance of more than 3,500 km from the launch facility. At the moment, the draft sketch has already been completed and promising military developments in Russia are being carried out in this direction. The main purpose of this complex will be the destruction of the latest models of air-type attack weapons, which are produced today in the world. It is assumed that this system will be able to perform tasks both in the stationary version and when moving into the combat zone. which Russia is due to start producing in 2016, will be equipped with a shipborne version of the S-500 anti-missile system.

Combat lasers

There are many interesting things in this direction. Russia, before the United States of America, began military developments in this area and has in its arsenal prototypes high-precision chemical combat lasers. Russian developers tested the first such installation back in 1972. Then, with the help of a domestic mobile “laser gun”, it was possible to successfully hit a target in the air. So in 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defense requested to continue work on the creation of combat lasers that are capable of hitting satellites, aircraft and ballistic missiles.
This is important in modern weapons. New military developments in Russia in the field of lasers are being carried out by the Almaz-Antey air defense organization, the Taganrog Aviation Scientific and Technical Concern. Beriev and the company "Khimpromavtomatika". All this is controlled by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. began to modernize again the A-60 flying laboratories (based on the Il-76), which are used to test the latest laser technology. They will be based at an airfield near Taganrog.

prospects

In the future, with successful development in this area, the Russian Federation will build one of the most powerful lasers in the world. This device in Sarov will occupy an area equal to two football fields, and at its highest point it will reach the size of a 10-storey building. The facility will be equipped with 192 laser channels and enormous laser pulse energy. For the French and American analogues, it is equal to 2 megajoules, and for Russia it is approximately 1.5-2 times higher. The superlaser will be able to create colossal temperatures and densities in matter, which are the same as in the Sun. This device will also simulate in laboratory conditions the processes observed during the testing of thermonuclear weapons. The creation of this project will be estimated at about 1.16 billion euros.

armored vehicles

In this regard, the latest military developments were also not long in coming. In 2014, the Russian Ministry of Defense will start purchasing main effective battle tanks based on the Armata unified platform for heavy armored vehicles. Based on a successful batch of these vehicles, controlled military operation will be carried out. The release of the first prototype of the tank based on the Armata platform, in accordance with the current schedule, took place in 2013. The specified military equipment of Russia is planned to be supplied to military units from 2015. The development of the tank will be carried out by Uralvagonzavod.

Another prospect of the Russian defense industry is the "Terminator" ("Object - 199"). This combat vehicle will be designed to neutralize air targets, manpower, armored vehicles, as well as various shelters and fortifications.

"Terminator" is capable of being created on the basis of the T-90 and T-72 tanks. Its standard equipment will consist of 2 30-mm cannons, an Ataka ATGM with laser guidance, a Kalashnikov machine gun and 2 AGS-17 grenade launchers. These new developments of Russian military equipment are significant. The capabilities of the BMPT allow the implementation of significant density fire on 4 targets at once.

precision weapons

The Air Force of the Russian Federation will adopt missiles for strikes against surface and ground targets guided by GLONASS. At the test site in Akhtubinsk, the Chkalov GLITs passed tests of S-25 and S-24 missiles, which are equipped with special sets with seeker and overlays on control rudders. This is an important improvement. GLONASS guidance kits began to arrive en masse at air bases in 2014, that is, Russian helicopter and front-line aviation completely switched to high-precision weapons.

Unguided missiles (NUR) S-25 and S-24 will remain the main weapon of the bomber and attack aircraft of the Russian Federation. However, they hit the squares, and this is an expensive and inefficient pleasure. The GLONASS homing heads will convert the S-25 and S-24 into high-precision weapons capable of hitting small targets with an accuracy of 1 meter.

Robotics

The main priorities in the organization of promising varieties of military equipment and weapons are almost defined. Emphasis is placed on the creation of the most robotic combat systems, where a person will be assigned a safe operator function.

In this direction, a set of programs is planned:

• The organization of power armor known as exoskeletons.
• Work on the development of underwater robots for various purposes.
• Designing a series of unmanned aerial vehicles.
• It is planned to establish technologies based on them. They will allow to realize the ideas of Nikola Tesla on an industrial scale.

Russian experts relatively recently (2011-2012) created the SAR-400 robot. He is 163 cm tall and looks like a torso with two “manipulator arms” equipped with special sensors. They allow the operator to feel the object being touched.

SAR-400 is capable of performing several functions. For example, to fly into space or perform a remote surgical operation. And in military conditions, it is generally irreplaceable. He can be a scout, and a sapper, and a repairman. In terms of its working capabilities and performance characteristics, the SAR-400 android surpasses (for example, in squeezing the brush) foreign analogues, and American ones too.

Weapon

The latest military developments in Russia are also actively being carried out in this direction. This is a confirmed fact. The gunsmiths of Izhevsk began the development of the newest generation of small arms automatic weapons. It differs from the world-famous Kalashnikov system. A new platform is implied, allowing it to compete with analogues of the latest models of small arms in the world. This is important in this area. As a result, law enforcement agencies can be provided with fundamentally the latest combat systems that correspond to the rearmament program of the Russian army until 2020. Therefore, significant developments are currently underway in this regard. Future rifle will be of a modular type. This will simplify subsequent modernization and production. In this case, a scheme will be used more often in which the weapon store and the firing mechanism will be located in the butt behind the trigger. Ammunition with innovative ballistic solutions will also be used to develop the latest small arms systems. For example, increased accuracy, significant effective range, more powerful penetration ability. The gunsmiths were tasked with creating a new system from scratch, not based on obsolete principles. To achieve this goal, the Newest technologies. At the same time, Izhmash will not renounce work on the modernization of the AK 200 series, since the Russian special services are already interested in the supply of this type of weapon. Currently, further military developments in this direction are being carried out.

Outcome

All of the above emphasizes the successful modernization of the weapons of the Russian Federation. The main thing is to keep up with the times and not stop there, implementing the latest improvements in this area. Along with the above, there are also secret military developments of Russia, but their publication is limited.

Many technologically advanced countries, in particular the countries of the European Union (including France, Germany, Great Britain), as well as Japan, China, Ukraine, India, have conducted and are conducting research aimed at creating their own samples of reusable space systems (Hermes, HOPE, Zenger-2, HOTOL, ASSTS, RLV, Skylon, Shenlong, Sura, etc. Unfortunately, economic difficulties turn the red light on these projects, often after significant design work.

Hermes -developed by the European Space Agency spaceship project. Development officially began in November 1987, although the project was approved by the French government as early as 1978. The project was supposed to launch the first ship in 1995, but a change in the political situation and funding difficulties led to the closure of the project in 1993. Not a single ship was built like this. was.

European spacecraft "Hermes"

HORE - Japan's space shuttle. Designed since the early 80s. It was planned as a reusable four-seat spaceplane-spaceplane with a vertical launch on a disposable N-2 launch vehicle. It was considered Japan's main contribution to the ISS.

Japanese spacecraft HOPE
In 1986, Japan's aerospace firms began implementing a program of research and development work in the field of hypersonic technology. One of the main directions of the program was the creation of an unmanned winged aerospace vehicle "Hope" (HOPE - translated as "Hope"), launched into orbit using the launch vehicle "H-2" (H-2), which was to be introduced in operation in 1996
The main purpose of the ship is the periodic supply of the Japanese multi-purpose laboratory "JEM" (JEM) as part of the American space station (now the Kibo ISS module).
The lead developer is the National Space Research Administration (NASDA) Design studies for a promising manned spacecraft were carried out by the National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) together with the industrial firms Kawasaki, Fuji and Mitsubishi. The variant proposed by the NAL laboratory was tentatively adopted as the base one.
By 2003, the launch complex was built, full-size mock-ups with all the instruments, cosmonauts were selected, prototype models of the HIMES spacecraft were tested in orbital flight. But in 2003, the Japanese space program was completely revised, and the project was closed.

X-30 National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) - a project of a promising reusable spacecraft- a single-stage aerospace spacecraft system (AKS) of a new generation with a horizontal launch and landing, developed by the United States to create a reliable and simple means of mass launch of people and cargo into space. The project has been suspended and research is currently underway on hypersonic unmanned experimental aircraft (Boeing X-43) to create a ramjet hypersonic engine.
NASP development began in 1986. In his 1986 address, US President Ronald Reagan announced:
… The Orient Express, which will be built in the next decade, will be able to take off from Dulles Airport and, accelerating to a speed of 25 times the speed of sound, reach orbit or fly to Tokyo in 2 hours.
The NASP program, funded by NASA and the US Department of Defense, was carried out with the participation of McDonnell Douglas, Rockwell International, who worked on the creation of an airframe and equipment for a single-stage hypersonic spaceplane. Rocketdyne and Pratt & Whitney have been working on hypersonic ramjet engines.

X-30 reusable spacecraft
According to the requirements of the US Department of Defense, the X-30 was supposed to have a crew of 2 people and carry a small load. A manned spaceplane with appropriate control and life support systems turned out to be too large, heavy and expensive for an experienced technology demonstrator. As a result, the X-30 program was stopped, but research in the field of single-stage horizontal launch vehicles and hypersonic ramjet engines did not stop in the United States. Work is currently underway on a small unmanned vehicle Boeing X-43 "Hyper-X" for testing a ramjet engine.
X-33 - prototype reusable single-stage aerospacecraft, built under a NASA contract by Lockheed Martin under the Venture Star program. Work on the program was carried out from 1995-2001. Within the framework of this program, it was supposed to develop and test a hypersonic model of the future single-stage system, and in the future - to create a full-fledged transport system based on this technical concept.

X-33 reusable single-stage spacecraft

The X-33 experimental apparatus creation program was launched in July 1996. The Skunk Works research and development division of the Lockheed Martin Corporation became NASA's contractor. It won the contract to create a fundamentally new space shuttle called the Venture Star. Subsequently, his improved model was tested, called the "X-33" and surrounded by a dense veil of secrecy. Only a few characteristics of the device are known. Takeoff weight -123 tons, length -20 meters, width - 21.5 meters. Two engines of a fundamentally new design allow the Kh-33 to exceed the speed of sound by 1.5 times. The device is a cross between a spacecraft and a stratospheric aircraft. The developments were carried out under the flag of reducing the cost of launching a payload into space tenfold, from the current $20,000 per kilogram to over two thousand. The program, however, was closed in 2001, the construction of an experimental prototype was not completed.

The so-called wedge-air rocket engine was developed for the Venture Star (X-33).
Wedge-air rocket engine(Eng. Aerospike engine, Aerospike, KVRD) - a type of rocket engine with a wedge-shaped nozzle that maintains aerodynamic efficiency in a wide range of altitudes above the Earth's surface with different atmospheric pressures. KVRD belongs to the class of rocket engines, the nozzles of which are capable of changing the pressure of the outgoing gas jet depending on changes in atmospheric pressure with increasing flight altitude (English Altitude compensating nozzle). An engine with this type of nozzle uses 25-30% less fuel at low altitudes, where the most thrust is typically needed. Wedge-air engines have been studied for a long time as the main option for single-stage space systems (SSO, eng. Single-Stage-To-Orbit, SSTO), that is, rocket systems using only one stage to deliver the payload into orbit. Engines of this type were a serious contender for use as the main engines on the Space Shuttle during its creation (see: SSME). However, as of 2012, not a single engine of this type is used or produced. The most successful options are in the development stage.

On the left is a conventional rocket engine, on the right is a wedge-air rocket engine.

Skylon ("Skylon") - the name of the project English company Reaction Engines Limited, according to which an unmanned reusable spacecraft can be created in the future, which, as expected by its developers, will enable inexpensive and reliable access to space. The preliminary examination of this project recognized that there were no technical and design errors in it. According to estimates, Skylon will reduce the cost of removing cargo by 15-50 times. The company is currently looking for funding.
According to the Skylon project, it will be able to deliver approximately 12 tons of cargo into space (for a low equatorial orbit)
Skylon will be able to take off like a conventional aircraft and, having reached a hypersonic speed of 5.5 Mach and an altitude of 26 kilometers, switch to oxygen from its own tanks to enter orbit. He will also land like an airplane. Thus, the British spacecraft must not only go into space without the use of upper stages, external boosters or drop fuel tanks, but also carry out this entire flight using the same engines (in the amount of two pieces) at all stages, starting from taxiing to airfield and ending with the orbital segment.
A key part of the project is a unique power plant - a multi-mode jet engine(English hypersonic precooled hybrid air breathing rocket engine - a hypersonic combined air-jet / rocket engine with pre-cooling).
Despite the fact that the project is already more than 10 years old, not a single full-size operating prototype of the engine of the future apparatus has yet been created, and at present the project "exists" only in the form of a concept, because. the developers could not find the funding needed to start the development and construction phase, in 1992 the project amount was determined - about 10 billion dollars. According to the developers, Skylon will recoup the costs of its production, maintenance and use, and in the future will be able to make a profit.

"Skylon" is a promising English reusable spacecraft.
Multipurpose aerospace system (MAKS)- a project using the air launch method of a two-stage space complex, which consists of a carrier aircraft (An-225 Mriya) and an orbital spacecraft-rocket plane (spaceplane), called an orbital plane. An orbital rocket plane can be either manned or unmanned. In the first case, it is installed together with a disposable external fuel tank. In the second, tanks with fuel and oxidizer components are placed inside the rocket plane. A variant of the system also allows the installation of a disposable cargo rocket stage with cryogenic fuel and oxidizer components instead of a reusable orbital aircraft.
The development of the project has been carried out at NPO Molniya since the early 1980s under the leadership of G. E. Lozino-Lozinsky. The project was presented to the general public in the late 1980s. With a full-scale deployment of work, the project could be implemented before the start of flight tests already in 1988.

As part of the initiative work of NPO Molniya, smaller and full-scale weight-and-weight models of an external fuel tank, weight-size and technological models of the spaceplane were created under the project. To date, about 14 million dollars have already been spent on the project. The implementation of the project is still possible if there are investors.
"Kliper" - multi-purpose manned reusable spacecraft, designed by RSC Energia since 2000 to replace the Soyuz series spacecraft.

Model Clipper at the air show in Le Bourget.
In the second half of the 1990s, a new ship was proposed according to the “carrying hull” scheme - an intermediate option between the winged Shuttle and the Soyuz ballistic capsule. The aerodynamics of the ship was calculated, and its model was tested in a wind tunnel. In 2000-2002, the ship was further developed, but the difficult situation in the industry did not leave hope for implementation. Finally, in 2003, the project received a start in life.
In 2004, the promotion of Clipper began. Due to the insufficiency of budgetary funding, the main emphasis was placed on cooperation with other space agencies. In the same year, the ESA showed interest in the Clipper, but required a radical revision of the concept to suit their needs - the ship had to land on airfields like an airplane. Less than a year later, in cooperation with the Sukhoi Design Bureau and TsAGI, a winged version of the Clipper was developed. By the same time, a full-scale model of the ship was created at the RKK, work began on the layout of the equipment.
In 2006, according to the results of the competition, the project was formally sent by Roscosmos for revision, and then stopped due to the termination of the competition. At the beginning of 2009, RSC Energia won the competition for the development of a more versatile ship PPTS-PTKNP ("Rus").
"Parom" - reusable interorbital tug, designed at RSC Energia since 2000, and which is supposed to replace disposable transport spacecraft of the Progress type.
The "ferry" should lift from a low reference orbit (200 km) to the ISS orbit (350.3 km) containers - relatively simple, with a minimum of equipment, launched into space using Soyuz or Proton and carrying, respectively , from 4 to 13 tons of cargo. "Farom" has two docking stations: one for the container, the second - for mooring to the ISS. After the container is put into orbit, the ferry, due to its propulsion system, descends to it, docks with it and lifts it to the ISS. And after unloading the container, Parom lowers it into a lower orbit, where it undocks and slows down on its own (it also has small engines) to burn up in the atmosphere. The tug will have to wait for a new container for subsequent towing to the ISS. And so many times. Parom refuels from containers, and, being on duty as part of the ISS, undergoes preventive maintenance as needed. It will be possible to put the container into orbit by almost any domestic or foreign carrier.

The Russian space corporation Energia planned to launch the first interorbital tug of the Parom type into space in 2009, however, since 2006, there have been no official announcements and publications on the development of this project.

Zarya - reusable multi-purpose spacecraft, developed by RSC Energia in 1986-1989, the production of which was never launched due to a reduction in funding for space programs.
The general layout of the ship is similar to the ships of the Soyuz series.
The main difference from existing spacecraft can be called a vertical landing method using jet engines running on kerosene as fuel and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer (this combination was chosen due to the low toxicity of the components and combustion products). 24 landing engines were located around the circumference of the module, the nozzles were directed at an angle to the side wall of the ship.
At the initial stage of the descent, braking was planned to be carried out due to aerodynamic braking up to a speed of about 50-100 m/s, then the landing engines were turned on, the rest of the speed was planned to be extinguished by deformable shock absorbers of the ship and crew seats.
The launch into orbit was planned to be carried out using a modernized Zenit launch vehicle.

Spaceship Zarya.
The diameter of the ship was to be 4.1 m, length 5 m. -270 days.

I shared with you the information that I "dug up" and systematized. At the same time, he has not become impoverished at all and is ready to share further, at least twice a week. If you find errors or inaccuracies in the article, please let us know. I will be very grateful.

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Reviews (11) on Development of promising spacecraft stopped halfway.”

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Kolpakov Anatoly Petrovich
Journey to MARS
Content
1. Abstract
2. Spaceship levitator
3. SE - static energy source for a power plant
4. Flights to Mars
5. Stay on Mars

annotation
Jet spacecraft (RSC) are of little use for long journeys into deep space. They need a large amount of fuel, which is a large part of the mass of the RKK. RKK have a very small acceleration section with overcoming excessive overload and a very large section of movement in weightlessness. They accelerate only to the 3rd cosmic speed of 14.3 km/s. This is clearly not enough. With such a speed, it is possible to fly to Mars (150 million km), like a thrown stone, in only 120 days. In addition, the RKK must also have a power plant to generate the electricity needed to meet all the needs of this ship. This power plant also requires fuel and oxidizer, but of a different type. For the first time in the world, I offer two important devices: a polylevitator and a SE - a static energyoid. A polylevitator is an unsupported mover, and a SE is a power plant. Both of these devices use new, previously unknown principles of operation. They don't need fuel because they use the Power Source I discovered. The source of forces is the ether of the Universe. A polylevitator (levitator - hereinafter) is capable of creating a free force of any size for a long time. It is intended to drive the spacecraft, and the energyoid to drive the generator electrical energy for the needs of the spacecraft. Martian levitator spacecraft (MLK) capable of flying to Mars in 2.86 days. At the same time, he makes only active flight all the way. On the first half of the way, it accelerates with an acceleration equal to + 9.8 m/s2, and on the second half of the way it decelerates with a deceleration equal to - 9.8 m/s2. Thus, the trip to Mars turns out to be short and comfortable (without overloads and weightlessness) for the MLK crew. MLC has a large capacity, so it is equipped with everything you need. To provide electricity, it is supplied with an EPS - an energyoid power plant, including an energyoid and an electric energy generator. MLKs for various purposes will be sent to Mars: scientific, cargo and tourist. Scientists will be equipped with the necessary instruments and equipment to study this planet. They will also bring scientists there. Cargo MLK will deliver to Mars various machines and mechanisms necessary for the creation of building structures for various purposes, as well as for the extraction of resources useful for earthly civilization. Tourist MLKs will deliver tourists and fly over Mars in order to get acquainted with the sights of this planet. In addition to the use of MLK for various purposes, it is planned to use DLAA - two-seat levitator aircraft that will be used for: mapping the surface of Mars, installing building structures, taking samples of Martian soil, controlling drilling rigs and others. They will also be used to remotely control Martian vehicles, scrapers, bulldozers, excavators when building structures on Mars, and for many other purposes. Space poses a great danger to people moving in it on spaceships. This danger in the form of gamma and X-rays comes from the Sun. Harmful radiation also comes from the Cosmos. Up to a certain height above the Earth, protection is provided by the Earth's magnetic field, but further movement becomes dangerous. However, if you take advantage of the Earth's magnetic shadow, you can avoid this danger. Mars has a very small atmosphere and does not have a magnetic field at all, which could reliably protect people staying there from the harmful effects of gamma and X-rays emanating from the Sun, as well as the harmful radiation of the Cosmos. To restore the magnetic field of Mars, I propose to first equip it with an atmosphere. This can be done by turning the solid materials on it into gases. This will require a large amount of energy, but this is not big problem. It can be produced by EPS, pre-fabricated at the factories of the Earth, and then delivered to Mars by cargo MLCs. In the presence of an atmosphere, it must be such that it can create and accumulate static electricity, which, having reached a certain limit, should produce self-discharges in the form of lightning. Lightning will magnetize the core of Mars, and it will create a magnetic field of the planet, which will protect all life on it from harmful radiation.

Levitator for space tourism
Almost everything is available for space tourism. The only thing missing is an unsupported propeller. It was such a simple, cheap and absolutely safe, highly efficient unsupported propeller for a spacecraft that I invented and already tested the principle of its operation empirically. I gave him the name levitator. The levitator is the first in the world capable of generating force (traction) of any magnitude without the use of fuel. The levitator uses previously unknown principles to provide propulsion. It does not require energy. Instead of a source of energy, the levitator uses the source of forces that I have discovered, which is omnipresent on Earth and in Space. The ether of the Universe, little known to science, is such a source of forces. I made 60 applied scientific discoveries properties of the ether of the Universe not yet protected by security documents. Everything you need to know about the ether of the Universe is now completely known, but so far only to me alone. The ether is not at all like it is represented by science. A spacecraft equipped with a levitator is capable of flying in space at any speed, at any altitude, at any distance, without noticeable overloads and weightlessness. In addition, it can hover over any space object: the Earth, the Moon, Mars, a fireball, a comet for as long as you like and land on their surfaces in suitable places. A levitator spacecraft can go out into open space hundreds of thousands of times and return back without noticeable overloads and weightlessness. It can carry out an active flight for as long as it likes, that is, it can move in space with a constantly acting thrust. It is able to create an acceleration for the spacecraft, usually equal to the earth's, i.e. 10 m/s2, in the presence of people on board and reach speeds many times greater than the speed of light. The "prohibitions" of SRT - A. Einstein's special theory of relativity do not apply to unsupported motion. The first space tourist route, apparently, will be the flight around the Earth by levitator spacecraft with several dozen tourists on board in near space at an altitude of 50-100 km, where there is no space "garbage".
Briefly: what is the essence? According to classical mechanics, in open mechanical systems, the resulting force from all acting forces is not equal to zero. To create this force, paradoxically, the energy of any energy carrier is not consumed. Such an open mechanical system is a levitator. The levitator creates a resultant force, which is the thrust of the levitator. It does not apply the law of conservation of energy. Thus, the mechanics of open mechanical systems turns out to be cost-free - free, and this is extremely important. The levitator is a simple device - a multi-link. Its links are affected by forces initiated by the force of deformation of disc springs or a screw pair. Their resultant force is traction. The levitator can create thrust of any magnitude, for example 250 kN.

At the same time, the landing of promising ships should also be carried out on the territory of Russia, at present, the Soyuz spacecraft take off from Baikonur and land also on the territory of Kazakhstan.

SE - static energy source for a power plant
I made an invention of the engine, which I gave the name - energyoid. Moreover, such an energyoid in which the links do not move regularly relative to each other, therefore it is called static. And since the links do not have relative motion, they do not have wear in kinematic pairs. In other words, they can work as long as they like - forever. The static energyoid (SE) is just a multilink. He, being a device enclosed inside the rotor, is a mechanical rotary engine. So, finally, the Static Energyoid is invented - a mechanical rotary engine. On one of its links, a force is set with the help of highly rigid deformed belleville springs or a screw pair. The forces are distributed over all links of the SE. Forces act on all links, their modules undergo transformations from link to link and create moments with the resulting design torque. Static energyoid (SE) is a multifunctional device. It simultaneously performs the role of highly efficient: 1 - a source of free mechanical energy; 2 - mechanical engine; 3 - automatic continuously variable transmission, with any large range of gear ratios; 4 - without wear dynamic brake (energy recuperator). SE can drive any mobile and any stationary machines. SE can be designed for any power up to 150 thousand kW. SE has a PTO speed - power take-off shaft (rotor) up to 10 thousand per minute, the optimal transformation ratio is 4-5 (range of gear ratios). SE has a resource of continuous operation equal to infinity. Because the FE parts do not perform relative motion with large or small linear or angular velocities and therefore do not wear out in kinematic pairs. The operation of a static energyoid, unlike all existing heat engines, is not accompanied by any work process (combustion of hydrocarbons, fission or synthesis of radioactive substances, etc.). SE, in order to set and control power, is equipped with the simplest device - an emphasis that creates two equal in modules, but oppositely directed moments. When a stop is set in its device (an open mechanical system), a resulting moment arises. According to the theorem on the motion of the center of inertia of classical mechanics, this moment can have a value other than zero. It represents the torque of the SE. The FE, in addition to the stop, is equipped with an even simple ARC-KM device - an automatic frequency and torque regulator, which automatically adjusts the FE torque with the load resistance moment. During operation, the SE does not require any maintenance. The cost of its operation is reduced to zero. When using SE to drive mobile or stationary machines, it replaces: the engine and automatic transmission. SC does not require fuel and therefore has no harmful gases. In addition, the SE has the best performance of joint work with any mobile or stationary machine. In addition to everything, SE has a simple device and principle of operation.
I have already made SC calculations for the entire standard power range: from 3.75 kW to 150 thousand kW. So, for example, with a power of 3.75 kW, the solar cell has a diameter of 0.24 m and a length of 0.12 m, and with a maximum power of 150 thousand kW, the solar cell has a diameter of 1.75 m and a length of 0.85 m. This means that the SE has the smallest dimensions among all currently known power plants. Therefore, its specific power is a large value, reaching 100 kW for every kilogram of its own weight. SE is the safest and most highly efficient power plant. SE will most likely be used in the energy sector. On its basis, EES will be created - energy-like power plants, including solar cells and any generator of electrical energy. EPS will be able to save humanity from the fear of imminent death from the growing shortage of energy. SE will allow to completely and forever solve the energy problem, no matter how progressively the demand for energy grows not only in the Russian Federation, but also for the whole of mankind, and the environmental problem associated with it - getting rid of harmful emissions when generating energy. I also have: “Fundamentals of the SE theory” and “The theory of the ideal external speed characteristic of the SE”, which allow you to calculate the optimal parameters of both the SE for any rated power and the speed characteristic of its joint operation with any machine aggregated with it. The principle of operation of the SE has already been verified by me empirically. The results obtained fully confirm the "Fundamentals of the theory of static energyoid (SE)". I have know-how (not yet patented inventions, mainly due to lack of funding) for solar and EPS. SE are based on my fundamental scientific discovery of a new previously unknown source of energy, which is the little-studied ether of the Universe, and also 60 of my applied scientific discoveries of its physical properties, which together determine the principle of operation of a static energyoid, and, consequently, EES. Strictly speaking, the ether of the Universe is not a source of energy. He is the source of strength. His forces set in motion all the matter of the universe and thus endow it with mechanical energy. Therefore, this source can only be called a conditional ubiquitous source on the Earth and in the Cosmos, a source of gratuitous mechanical energy, only with a reservation. However, since there is no energy in it, that is why it turns out to be, as it were, an inexhaustible source of energy. By the way, according to my discoveries, all the matter of the Universe is immersed in this ether (this is still unknown to academic science). Therefore, it is the ether of the Universe that is the omnipresent source of forces (a conditional source of energy). It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the state directs all efforts and a fair share of funding to search for an inexhaustible source of energy. However, I have now found such a source, perhaps to his great surprise. Such a source, as already mentioned above, turned out to be not a source of energy, but a source of forces, the ether of the Universe. The ether of the Universe is the only conventional ubiquitous source of free mechanical energy, which is the most convenient for practical use, existing in nature (in the Universe). All known sources of energy are just intermediaries in obtaining energy from the ether of the Universe, without which you can do without. Therefore, states must immediately stop funding the exploration of new energy sources in order to avoid wasting funds.
Briefly: what is the essence of my scientific discoveries? The basis of the mechanics of all known technology is the so-called closed mechanical systems, in which the resulting moment is equal to zero. To make it different from zero, it was necessary to excel in the creation of special devices (engines, turbines, reactors) and at the same time consume some kind of energy carrier. Only in such cases in closed mechanical systems was it possible to obtain the resulting (torque) moment other than zero. Therefore, the mechanics of closed mechanical systems turns out to be costly. But this, in turn, turned out to be fraught with, as is well known, high costs. financial resources to receive energy by all currently existing methods. The principle of operation of a static energyoid (SE) is based on another mechanics - a little-known part of classical mechanics, the so-called non-closed (open) mechanical systems. In these special systems, the resulting moment from all acting forces is not equal to zero. But the creation of this moment, paradoxically, does not consume the energy of any energy carrier. Such an open mechanical system is the SE. This can be understood from the following example. SE creates the resulting moment, which is the torque. Therefore, SE for this reason, in particular, turns out to be a perpetual mechanical rotary engine. From this it becomes clear that in open (not closed) mechanical systems the law of conservation of energy is not observed. Thus, the mechanics of open mechanical systems turns out to be cost-free - free, and this is extremely important. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in the SE, in view of its specificity, only forces act due to the source of forces, and not the source of energy.
SE is a simple device. Its links are affected, as indicated above, by the forces and moments initiated by the force of deformation of the Belleville springs or screw pair. Their resulting torque is torque, and the SE, in particular, turns into a rotary engine. The most striking thing is that this simple device could not have been invented by hundreds of thousands of inventors for almost three centuries. Only because the inventors made their inventions, as a rule, without theoretical justification. This continues to this day. An example of this is the numerous attempts to invent the so-called "perpetual motion machine". SE is a perpetual motion machine, but it has significant differences from the notorious "perpetual motion machine" and is much superior to it. SE has a simple device and principle of operation. Doesn't have any workflow. It has a resource of continuous operation equal to infinity. Does not use an energy source, but uses a power source. At the same time it is an automatic continuously variable transmission. It has an extremely high specific power, reaching 100 kW for every kilogram of its own weight. And so on, as already detailed above. Thus, SE in all respects turns out to be superior to all existing power plants: engines, turbines and nuclear reactors, i.e. SE, in fact, turns out to be not an engine, but an ideal power plant. The principle of operation of the SE has already been verified by me empirically. A positive result was obtained, which is fully in accordance with the "Fundamentals of the SE theory". If necessary, I will provide evidence by demonstrating the operating model of the EPS - an energy-like power plant, and, consequently, the ESS, which will be developed by me according to technical requirements agreed with the Space Agency. If the Space Agency is interested in acquiring the Know-how of SE and EES, I will provide the Know-How Sale Procedure. In addition, the Space Agency will be issued: 1 – SE know-how; 2 - Fundamentals of the SE theory; 3 - The theory of the ideal external speed characteristic of the SE; 4 - the current sample of the EPS - energy-like power plant; 5 - drawings for it.

Flights to Mars
Space poses a great danger to people moving in it on spaceships. This danger in the form of gamma and X-rays comes from the Sun. Harmful radiation also comes from the Cosmos. Up to a certain height above the Earth (up to 24,000 kilometers), protection is provided by the Earth's magnetic field, but further movement becomes dangerous. However, if you take advantage of the Earth's magnetic shadow, you can avoid this danger. The magnetic shadow from the Earth does not always cover Mars. It appears only with a very definite mutual arrangement of these planets in space, but since Mars and the Earth are constantly moving in different orbits, this is an extremely rare case. To avoid this dependence it is necessary to use other means. You can use "space plastic", the all-metal shell of the spacecraft, as well as magnetic protection in the form of a toroidal magnet and other means of protection, possibly successfully invented over time.
Mars has a very small atmosphere and does not seem to have a magnetic field at all, which could reliably protect people staying there from the harmful effects of gamma and X-rays emanating from the Sun, as well as the harmful radiation of the Cosmos. To restore the magnetic field of Mars, I propose to first equip it with an atmosphere. This can be done by converting the corresponding solid materials present on it into gases. This will require a large amount of energy, but this is not a problem. It can be produced by EPS manufactured at the factories of the Earth, and then delivered to Mars with the help of MLK. In the presence of an atmosphere, this atmosphere must be such that it can create and accumulate static electricity, which, having reached a certain limit, should produce self-discharges in the form of lightning. This process must be continuous. Over a long period, lightning will magnetize the core of Mars, and it will create a magnetic field of the planet, which will protect it from harmful radiation. The presence of the core is indicated by evidence of the existence of an atmosphere and a developed civilization similar to the earth's once on this planet.
To carry out a flight to Mars and back, it is necessary to have a levitator spacecraft with protection against harmful radiation coming from Space. It has already been indicated above that such a spacecraft, when fully loaded, will have a mass of 100 tons. The composition of a fully loaded Martian levitator spacecraft (MLK) should include: 1 - levitator spacecraft; 2 - the main and reserve polylevitators, including 60 levitators, each of which individually is capable of creating a maximum thrust force equal to 20 tons; 3 - three EES - energy-like power plants (one working and two standby), each of which has a rated power of 100 kW and a rated three-phase voltage of 400 V, including an ESS and an asynchronous three-phase generator; 4 - three systems (one working and two backup) for providing a standard atmosphere: in the flight control compartment of the MLK, in the recreation compartment, in the leisure compartment, in the cafe-restaurant compartment, in the control compartment for all MLK systems; 5 - food storage with a reserve based on the provision of food for 12 people within 3-4 months; 6 - storage tanks with drinking water 25 cubic meters; 7 - storage for two double levitator aircraft (DLLA); 8 - laboratory for determining physical properties and chemical composition Martian soil, minerals and all sorts of liquids that can presumably be found on Mars; 9 - two drilling rigs; 10 - two telescopes for tracking Mars while moving towards it or tracking the Earth while moving towards it. All MLK compartments are equipped with radio equipment, video equipment and computers.
It goes without saying that the flight control of the MLK should be carried out automatically by a specially provided program - the autopilot, and the role of the pilots should be only in its precise implementation. Pilots must take over manual flight control of the MLK only in case of failures in the autopilot program, as well as during launch, flights over the planets Mars and Earth and landing on their surfaces, i.e. in the same way as the control of liners in the airspace of the Earth is carried out. The MLK crew includes: 2 pilots who simultaneously control its flight and 10 specialists. Among the specialists there should be two backup pilots, and the rest - engineers for the maintenance of all equipment, both the MLK and the rest of the equipment mentioned above. In addition, each crew member must have at least 2 specialties. This is necessary so that together they can solve any problems associated with obtaining resources in the event that minerals or something else are found on Mars and extract water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, other useful liquids and gases, as well as metals, if they are found on Mars in a bound form. In this way, they will be able to some extent at least partially get rid of the dependence on earthly resources.
When flying to Mars in outer space, the problem of determining the speed of movement arises. Her information is very important. Without it, it will be impossible to accurately calculate the arrival at the final destination of the route. Those devices that are used on aircraft flying in the airspace of the Earth are completely unsuitable for aircraft moving in space. Because there is nothing in the Cosmos that could determine this speed. However, given that the speed, in the end, depends on the acceleration of the MLK, so this dependence must be used to create a spacecraft speedometer. The speedometer should be an integral device that should take into account both the magnitude of the MLK accelerations and their duration throughout the entire flight of the spacecraft and, based on them, give the final speed at any time.
The polylevitator is able to create the necessary thrust force of the MLC, so it will make an active flight all the time, that is, accelerated or slowed down movement, and thus save all personnel from harmful weightlessness and excessive overloads. The first half of the journey in Space to Mars will be fast motion, and the second half of the journey will be slow motion. Theoretically, this will allow arriving at Mars with zero speed. In practice, the approach to its surface will be with some quite definite, but low speed. But in any case, this will allow a safe landing on its surface in a suitable place.
Knowing the distance to Mars and the acceleration of the movement of the MLK, it is easy to calculate both the duration of movement to overcome the path from Earth to Mars (or, conversely, from Mars to Earth), and the maximum speed of movement. Depending on the relative position of the Earth and Mars in outer space, the distance between them varies. If they are on the same side of the Sun, the distance becomes minimal and equal to 150 million kilometers, and if they are on opposite sides, then the distance becomes the largest and equal to 450 million kilometers. But these are only special cases that happen extremely rarely. With each flight to Mars, the distance to it will need to be clarified - requested from the relevant competent authorities.
With uniformly accelerated on the first half of the path and equally slow on the second half of the path of the MLK, the duration of the journey to Mars turns out to be different. Calculations at a distance to Mars equal to 150 million kilometers, it turns out to be equal to only 2.86 days, and at a distance of 450 million kilometers, it turns out to be already 4.96 days. On the first half of the way, the MLK accelerates with a safe acceleration equal to the earth's, and on the second half of the way, it brakes with a safe deceleration equal to the earth's acceleration when flying from Earth to Mars or, conversely, from Mars to Earth. Such long accelerations and decelerations make it possible to eliminate excessive overloads for the crew and make a journey from Earth to Mars or in the opposite direction in comfortable conditions.
Thus, with a minimum distance between the Earth and Mars equal to 150 million kilometers, the MLK overcomes it in 2.86 Earth days. Accelerating in the middle of the road to a speed of 4.36 million kilometers per hour (1212.44 km / s). With the maximum distance between the Earth and Mars equal to 450 million kilometers, the MLK overcomes it in 4.96 Earth days. Accelerating midway to a speed of 7.56 million kilometers per hour (2100 km / s). Special attention should be paid to the fact that such grandiose results cannot be obtained with the help of modern jet spacecraft. It is indicative that with the help of jet spacecraft a journey to Mars is provided for at a minimum distance to it within 120 Earth days. In this case, it will be necessary to experience uncomfortable weightlessness. With the help of the MLK, the journey will last only 2.86 days, that is, 42 times faster, but it will be accompanied by comfortable conditions equivalent to those on the earth (without overloads and weightlessness), since with an acceleration equal to the terrestrial on the MLK, and, consequently, its the crew will act with an inertia force equal to the force of gravity of the Earth. This means that each member of the crew will experience an inertial force acting on him equal to the force of weight on Earth.
It should be borne in mind that at the moment when the MLK leaves the Earth and moves towards Mars, it may seem illusory that the Earth will be at the bottom and Mars at the top. This impression is similar to that as if a person is moving in an elevator of a multi-storey building. Moreover, it will be inconvenient to look at Mars with your head up. Therefore, it will be necessary to provide a system of mirrors located at an angle of 450 in the compartments from which Mars will be observed. All these measures will equally prove to be suitable for observing the Earth on the way back - from Mars to Earth. Therefore, in order not to make a mistake with the choice of the direction of movement on it, it is necessary to start towards Mars only at night when it will be visible in the sky. In this case, it is necessary to use such a night time when it will be observed close to the zenith location. The pilot's cabin must be located in front of the MLC, and its base (floor) must be able to rotate 90 degrees. This is necessary so that during flights over the surfaces of celestial bodies it occupies a horizontal position, and during movements in space it is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the MLC, that is, it is rotated by 90 degrees with respect to this axis.

Stay on Mars
The first MLK that flew to Mars will not immediately land on its surface. Initially, he will make several reconnaissance flights of Mars at an altitude convenient for viewing its surface, in order to select the most suitable landing site. MLK does not require achievements of the first Martian space velocity to be in an elliptical orbit around Mars. There is no need for such an orbit. The MLK can hover at any altitude or move around Mars at this altitude as many times as desired. Everything is determined only by the establishment of the thrust force of the polylevitator, which in this case turns out lifting force with a well-defined component of the force of horizontal movement at any speed. These forces are easily set by adjusting the polylevitator. Having thus determined a suitable place, the MLK will finally land on the surface of Mars. From this moment on, the MLK becomes a residential building and an office for its staff, which during the flight of the MLK was its crew.
For research and study of the relief of Mars, as well as for reconnaissance useful resources designed in advance and fully equipped with everything you need on Earth DLLA - two-seat levitator aircraft. With the help of DLLA it will be possible to create in the shortest possible time, in particular, a detailed physical map of Mars. Which, apparently, will be a top priority for the first team to arrive. To do this, according to the schedule, 2 DLLAs will fly regularly, along dedicated routes, and perform this work. In each DLLA, the map will be displayed according to a program previously developed on Earth. To do this, the DLLA will have the necessary equipment. DLLA is capable of moving at various speeds, including high speeds, which will allow exploring Mars at a high rate and in the shortest possible time. DLLA crews must work in spacesuits equipped with containers of the necessary supply of air (oxygen) for the breathing of two people for at least 4-5 hours. Due to not enough comfortable conditions the duration of the working day of the crew of the DLLA, in all likelihood, will be approximately 1-2 hours. Then, based on experience work time operators will be specified.
Since Mars has an insignificant atmosphere and does not seem to have a magnetic field at all, it is as dangerous to stay on it as it is in open space. Therefore, it is necessary first of all to provide it with an atmosphere, preferably similar to that of the earth, and to rehabilitate the magnetic field. However, for this it is necessary to stay on this planet for a large number of people and equipment. For them. Both personal protective equipment and collective protective equipment must be used. To a sufficient extent, with a 100% result, this is impossible, so the stay of each person on Mars should be short-lived. First of all, it is necessary to select such people who are completely resistant to radiation. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant revealed such abilities in some people. However, there are very few people with such abilities and there are no ways to test them. For large groups of specialists, bases with electrostatic radiation shields, underground shelters can be means of protection. As individual means protection, biosuits (Bio-Suit), thin aluminum films, as well as special durable films sprayed onto the body can be used. However, the eyes, hands and feet must be protected separately. Moving around Mars in most cases should be carried out with the help of DLLA equipped with toroidal magnets that protect the crew from harmful radiation. Being in the DLLA toroidal magnet, the crew can remotely control various machines and mechanisms working outside. This completely excludes the exit of the crew from the DLLA and excludes the crew from being exposed to radiation. Having completed the work, the DLLA returns to the shelter.
MLT and DLLA operators will remotely control the installation of building structures, drilling rigs and other Martian machines: cars, scrapers, bulldozers, excavators. These machines will be delivered to Mars by cargo MLTs as needed. MLT and DLLA can be used as cranes. Moreover, the first ones have a large load capacity - up to 100 tons (when the second reserve polylevitator is turned on), and the second ones - with a small load capacity - up to 5 tons (when the reserve polylevitator is also turned on).
All work on Mars, apparently, will be organized on a rotational basis. This would make sense from various points of view. First, many emerging problems will need to be solved by a large team. This team may include several hundred, and later several thousand people. Therefore, it will be necessary to attract an additional contingent of the missing specialists. Secondly, it will be necessary to additionally deliver the missing equipment to Mars, in which there will be a need that is difficult to foresee from the first time. Thirdly, specialists who have worked on Mars need rest. Fourthly, some of the work will be carried out by a large number of specialists on Earth, so these works must be coordinated with specialists working on Mars. Fifthly, the delivery of resources mined on Mars to Earth will be required. Sixthly, it is necessary to send more and more new MLKs with people to Mars to populate the developed territories and, with their help, to develop additional territories. Seventh, there is no doubt that resources useful for the Earth will be discovered on Mars, first of all, these will be rare minerals that will need to be developed and the necessary equipment will need to be delivered to Mars for them. In this regard, there will be a need to create cargo MLKs equipped with lifting devices capable of operating in Martian conditions, which, like passenger MLKs, can stay on Mars in specified areas and, loaded with minerals or other resources useful for earthlings, deliver them to Earth.
Mars is essentially an uninteresting lifeless desert on its entire surface, which will soon bore everyone who has been here. Therefore, after getting acquainted with its few sights, all people who arrived here should have decent leisure and rest in safe places after a working day. The safest places, especially at first, can be various kinds of dungeons. In mountainous areas underground, entire cities should be gradually created. With various well-designed: entertainment centers, sports facilities, residential buildings forming entire streets with shops, offices, various institutions, cultural institutions and medical institutions - medical centers, clinics, hospitals and others. Because it takes place on Earth. As well as on Earth with cinemas, libraries, flowerbeds, decorative and fruit bonsai, fountains, alleys, sidewalks, two-way roads on which levitator transport will move, which is something similar to earthly cars. If there is no soil on Mars, then it can be borrowed on Earth. Underground cities should include not only residential, but also industrial areas in the image and likeness of the earth. Sufficient space must be provided so that wingless single-seat and multi-seat levitation aircraft can fly at low altitude. Underground cities should be equipped with water supply, air duct and sewerage. The air pressure should be close to atmospheric, the composition of the air is similar to that of the earth. Numerous entrances to the dungeons of cities should have special locks that exclude air leakage from these cities when people dressed in protective suits enter and exit outside. The necessary urban infrastructure must be created so that the Martians can work on the surface, and spend leisure time and recreation underground. That is, most of the time to live underground without space suits. Apparently, if there is or was a civilization on Mars, then it will soon be discovered or traces of it will be discovered. Apparently, these traces will be most of all underground. It means at some depth of the planet Mars. It must be assumed that one of the entrances to the underground city, if, of course, it is there, is indicated by the "Martian Sphinx".
MLK has a wide range of possibilities. In addition to flights to any distance, the role of housing and office, it can be used as a space station, being at any high or low altitude from the surface of the planet in hover mode. In particular, it can also be used, as mentioned above, as a crane, when erecting high-rise structures of any height, both on Mars and on any other planet, such as Earth, or its natural satellite, such as the Moon. Moreover, it should be noted that this does not require the planet to have air or other gas, because the MLK polylevitator does not need any support. By the way, in order to guarantee stable radio communication with the Earth, to implement television and transmit a large amount of information, it will be necessary to build an openwork lightweight metal (steel) antenna several hundred, or maybe thousands of meters high, among the first on Mars. This will be quite possible with the help of MLK. Moreover, such an antenna can be made on machine-building plant Land and in the form of prefabricated sections. Then it was delivered by cargo MLK to Mars and mounted there. A block can then be inserted into the lower part of this antenna, including sections of rooms with various equipment similar to the earth. The only difference will be that the additional equipment will include: EES of the required capacity; a system that creates a standard atmosphere; modernized air conditioning system; food stock refrigerator. There's also a food warehouse requiring acceptance special measures for their long-term preservation. As well as warehouses for the storage of special equipment and possibly something else, which will be clarified later.
More and more MLKs will stay on Mars, increasing the population of this planet with people. Basically, they will be engaged in the extraction of rare minerals on Earth, metals, and possibly something else. In addition, Martian tourism will be widely developed because many earthlings dream of visiting this planet. Moreover, such a trip to the MLK will be cheaper than traveling on jet spacecraft by several orders of magnitude (approximately by 3-4 orders of magnitude). Two sculptures created by supposedly intelligent beings have been discovered on Mars. One sculpture was discovered long ago, the so-called "Martian Swinks", and the second is also a sculpture of the head of a humanoid creature. On Mars there are mountains and valleys, and at the poles there are snow caps covered with dust. All this will be of interest to tourists. Over time, apparently, there will be new attractions on Mars interesting for tourists. It goes without saying that they will be located at large distances between them. However, this will not present a problem for tourists to visit them. Tourist MLKs are able to move very quickly. Therefore, flights over long distances will take little time.
Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in view of the numerous applications of various kinds of MLK: passenger, cargo and tourist flights to Mars and back will be very frequent, especially when this planet is equipped with an atmosphere, a magnetic field and underground cities. That is, when it will be reliably protected from solar radiation and harmful radiation from space. Apparently at least one spaceship sortie a week. And as the settlement of this planet continues every year, flights to Mars will become even more frequent.

A similar idea has long been practically implemented by the Bryansk scientist Leonov V.S. In 2009, he manufactured and tested a sample of a quantum engine, which has parameters hundreds of times more efficient than liquid-propellant jet engines, there are test reports that are freely available. Moreover, he explained the theoretical substantiation of the principle of operation of his unsupported quantum engines in his theory of SUPER UNIFICATION. But there are also problems with the financing of the work.