Reference table major inventions and discoveries world contains the main dates of the most important inventions and discoveries of the world in the history of mankind. The table will be useful to schoolchildren and students in preparing for tests, exams and the exam.

	The most important inventions and discoveries
	Paper is made in China.
	China introduced paper money.
	First use of a navigation buoy (River Weser, Germany).
	The first use of the compass in Europe (Italy) was recorded.
	Bologna School of Law for the first time in Europe received the status of a university
	The first windmills in Europe have been recorded.
	The first combat use of gunpowder was recorded (China).
	The first glasses are made in Italy.
	The commercial production of alcohol (Italy) has begun.
	The first mechanical clocks that have survived to this day were made (England).
	The first mention of playing cards in Europe (Italy).
	The appearance of the first book on chess theory (Spain).
	The first aqueduct in Europe since Roman times was built in London.
	The first telescope was constructed in Holland.
	A spyglass and a binocular were created in Holland.
	For the first time in Europe, the production of sho-colada was started (France).
	G. Galileo made the first telescope, with the help of which he discovered the lunar mountains, the rings of Saturn and the satellites of Jupiter.
	R. Hooke discovered the cellular structure of living matter.
	Porcelain production began in Meissen (Germany).
	The "Leyden jar" was created - the first electric capacitor, which made it possible to accumulate significant discharges of electricity.
	The first pencil was made in Germany.
	In Great Britain invented toilet bowl with flush tank.
	The Briton E. Cartwright designed a loom that performed all the operations of weaving.
	For the first time an enamelled po-suda was made.
	The French National Assembly passed a law on the metric system of measures.
	The first smallpox vaccine was given in the UK.
	G. Models designed a screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical support, which made it possible to produce machines using other machines.
	The American R. Fulton built the Clairmont, the first steamship in the world.
	The first factory for the production of canned food in cans was opened.
	In the UK, J. Stephenson built the 4Rocket ”- the first practically used steam locomotive.
	Matches were invented in the USA.
	The typewriter was made in France.
	A daguerreotype, a prototype of a camera, was constructed.
	The telegraph was created in the USA - the first use of electricity in technology - and the first telegraph message was sent.
	In the USA, the first surgical operation using anesthesia was performed.
	Designed sewing machine I. Zingera.
	The first box of matches went on sale.
	In London, the first stage of the underground was commissioned.

	In Russia, D. I. Mendeleev discovers the periodic law, on the basis of which he draws up a periodic system of chemical elements.
	The first postcard was issued in Vienna.
	Edison improves the electric lamp.
	A. Bell designed the first telephone.
	T. Edison begins the industrial production of incandescent lamps.
	The first electric elevator was invented in Germany.
	The first modern camera is patented in the USA. The first tram was put into operation in Berlin.
	T. Edison opens the first public power station.
	The Maxim machine gun was designed in the USA.
	The first car with an engine was made in Germany internal combustion.
	The first high-rise building (“skyscraper”, 10 floors) was built in New York.
	In the USA, a jackhammer and an electric chair are designed.
	An electric motor, the first industrial application of electricity, is installed in a textile factory in the United States.
	AS Popov (Russia) designed a radio receiver.
	Brothers L. and O. Lumiere (France) invent cinematography.
	VK Roentgen discovers x-rays, known to us today as x-rays.
	The first vacuum cleaner was created in the USA.
	The Wright brothers designed the first airplane.
	Discovery of radioactivity.
	The discovery of blood groups in humans is the beginning of blood transfusion.
	A drill with an electric drive was designed - a revolution in dentistry.
	The first refrigerator was made in the USA.
	The causative agent of dysentery was found.
	Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen reaches the South Pole for the first time.
	The first three-color traffic light was installed in New York.
	The discovery of insulin by a group of scientists led by J. McLeod - the possibility of treating diabetes.
	A. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic.
	In New York, the Empire State Building was built - for a long time the tallest building in the world (102 floors).
	The first color film was made in the USA.
	Report of F. and I. Joliot-Curie on the discovery of artificial radioactivity.
	In the UK and Germany, regular television broadcasting has begun.
	The first jet aircraft was created in Germany.
	Creation in the USA of the first electronic computer.
	In Japan, the production of transistor radios began - the first use of transistors in consumer products.
	DNA molecule discovered.
	Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
	The first manned flight into space (Yu. Gagarin).
	The first exit of man into open space.
	Landing people on the moon (N. Armstrong).
	IN THE USA invented microprocessor on silicon chips.
	Microsoft personal computers (B. Gates) appeared on sale - the first computers designed for mass consumption.
	The AIDS virus has been discovered.
	A worldwide computer network has been developed.
	The birth of the first cloned creature - Dolly the sheep.

_______________

A source of information: Alekseev D.Yu. Brief reference book of dates in history / St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 320s.

Vedernikova Natalya Ivanovna

teacher of history and social studies

MBOU "Parbig middle

Comprehensive school"

Tomsk region, with. Parbig

History lesson plan in grade 8 on the topic: "Industrial Revolution"

Target : consider the features of the modernization process of the early 19th century

Tasks:

Educational:learn the key concepts of the course

Developing: promote the development of historical thinking based on the analysis of the essence of a long historical process

Nurturing: to cultivate an understanding of the essence of the historical process

Lesson equipment: presentation

Lesson type: lecture - conversation

Basic concepts:modernization, industrialization, competition, free competition capitalism, monopoly, cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, imperialism.

1. organizational part.Reporting lesson objectives.
2. Transition to learning new material. Introductory conversation

1. What period of history did we study last school year? What is the name of this period?(history of the new time)
2. What is the chronological framework of the period in the history of modern times studied last year?(1500-1800 years)
3. What are the main features of this time?(industrial revolution, religious wars and reformation, formation of capitalism)

1. Learning new material

Plan:

1. Chronological framework and features of the second period of the history of modern times. Modernization

We have to study a new period in the history of mankind.

Let's get acquainted with the textbook and determine the chronological period of this time(1800-1913)

What event will mark the end of the new time period?(World War I).True, there is a point of view that the period new history ends in 1900.

A feature of the period is the beginning of the process modernization .

Modernization - the process of transforming a traditional society into an industrial one

Upgrade features:

1. In the political sphere - democratization of public and political life
2. IN social sphere– rapid population growth, migration, urban population growth
3. In the economic sphere - industrialization
4. In the field of culture, the rapid growth of scientific knowledge

Industrialization– the process of development and implementation of large-scale machinery, the production of machines with the help of machines

The development history of different countries is uneven. Here is the upgrade process different countries began at different times - it depended on the start of the industrial revolution.

What is an industrial revolution?(transition from manufactory to factory)

In which country did it start first?(In Great Britain)

What other countries experienced the industrial revolution in the 18th century?(Holland, France, USA)

These countries became the first echelon of modernization - the countries of the old capitalism.

Work on filling out the table:

Echelons of modernization at the beginning of the 19th century

First echelon	Second echelon	third echelon
Countries of old capitalism	Countries of young capitalism	traditional society
England France	USA Germany Italy Japan Russia Austrian Empire	China Latin American countries
The development of capitalism proceeded naturally	Development of capitalism through reforms	Modernization processes are limited

1. Completion of the industrial revolution

Work with the presentation, filling in the table in the course of the teacher's story

Technical 19th inventions century

date	Invention		Meaning
1800	metal lathe	Maudslay (England)	Making machines with machines
	Automatic textile machine	J. M. Jacquard (France)	Replaced manual labor
1856	Converter	G. Bessemer (England)	steel smelting
	melting furnace	Brothers E. and P. Martin (France)	Smelting higher quality steel
1825	First Railway Stockton - Darlington	George Stephenson (England)	The beginning of the revolution in the field of transport, the railway boom
1879	First train	Ernst Werner Siemens	The use of electricity for the railway
1803	First steamboat (tested on the Seine River)	R. Fulton (France)
1807	Steamboat "Clermont"	R. Fulton	Replacing the sailing fleet with steam
1819	Steamboat "Savannah"		made a transatlantic voyage
1803	Steam engine car	Evans (USA), Trevithick (England)	The appearance of the first car
1885	Petrol engine car	Karl Benz (Germany)
1895	Prototype of a modern car	Gottlieb Daimler (Germany)
1908	Model T car	Henry Ford (USA)	The arrival of the cheap car
	Flight of a hot air balloon (aerostat)	Brothers Montgolfier (France) improved by Jacques Charles	First flight in the air
1900	Airship "Zeppelin" (length 128 m)	Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany)	Heavier-than-air flight, controlled balloon
1902	Glider with gasoline engine	Wright Brothers (USA)	Start of aircraft construction
1803	The invention of the spranel (explosive projectile)	H. Spranel (England)	The growth of lethal force of weapons
1862	Invention of nitroglycerin, manufacture of dynamite	Alfred Nobel (Sweden)	Obtaining weapons of great destructive power
1835	Revolver	Samuel Colt (USA)	Automatic weapons
1875	arc lamp	P.N. Yablochkov (Russia)	Electric lighting of public places
1880	incandescent lamp	T. Edison (USA)	Indoor lighting
1843	Baltimore-Washington telegraph line using code alphabet	morse	Information transfer, communication
1899	Wireless telegraph (radio)	A. Popov (Russia) G. Marconi (Italy)	Information transfer, communication
1876	Telephone	M. Gray, A. Bell (USA)	Information transfer, communication

Conclusion: technical inventions laid the foundation for the development modern society(the symbol of this time is the Eiffel Tower)

1. Free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism

In the first half of the 19th century, the era of free factory capitalism begins, orfree competition capitalism.

Free competition capitalism- a social system based on unlimited competition in the economic sphere

Competition - the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, providing the highest profit

The first half of the 19th century was a period of free competition. But already by 1870-1880. the manufacturing sector is conquered monopolies.

Monopoly - an association of capitalists that arises on the basis of a growing concentration of production and capital, concentrating production or sale in its hands and having the goal of establishing dominance in certain sectors of the economy and maximizing profits.

Variousforms of monopoly associations:

Cartel - an association in which the production and commercial independence of enterprises is preserved, but uniform prices are determined and sales markets are divided

Syndicate - an association engaged in the joint marketing of products

Trust - complete merger of enterprises, loss of commercial and industrial independence

Concern - association of trusts or enterprises dependent on any monopoly group

THAT. monopoly capitalism develops(imperialism).

Imperialism - a special stage in the development of capitalism, in which it seeks to spread its dominance in all areas of society.

Consolidation of the studied material:

1. What new features appeared in the development of capitalist production in Europe?
2. What is a capitalist monopoly?
3. What role did the aggravation of competition play in the formation of monopolies?
4. What forms of business merger do you know?
5. Why does capitalism of free competition develop into monopoly capitalism at the end of the 19th century?

Signs of imperialism - according to the textbook p. 20 - write out

1. Combination of free competition and monopoly
2. Merger of industrial and banking capital and the formation of a financial oligarchy
3. The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods
4. Economic division of the world into spheres of influence
5. Establishing a close relationship between the financial oligarchy and the government

Homework:

§1-2, answer questions, vocabulary work

Thanks to the human discoveries of the last centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from all over the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in shipbuilding and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any point on the globe in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries have changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, development took place incessantly and every century gave us some of the greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions occurred precisely in this period. Let's talk about those very significant ones that changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called x-rays. The scientist continued to study them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects without being reflected or refracted. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, one can see internal organs and get an image of the skeleton.

However, it took as much as 15 years after the discovery of Roentgen for the study of organs and tissues. Therefore, the name "X-ray" itself is attributed to the beginning of the 20th century, since it was not used everywhere before. Only in 1919 did the properties of this radiation begin to be put into practice by many medical institutions. The discovery of X-rays has revolutionized medicine, particularly in the field of diagnosis and analysis. The X-ray device has saved the lives of millions of people.

Airplane

Since time immemorial, people have tried to rise into the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person to take off. In 1903, the American inventors brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did it - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer-1 engine into the air. And although he stayed above the ground for only a few seconds, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of the birth of aviation. And the inventor brothers are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.

In 1905, the brothers designed the third version of the device, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. At the same time, the idea of ​​​​carrying passengers on an airplane came up, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. The scientists also equipped the aircraft with a more powerful engine.

TV

One of the most important discoveries of the 20th century was the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode ray tube, and used a photocell to convert signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 it became possible to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel was opened. Television has given a huge impetus to change people's worldview and ways of communication.

It should be added that Rosing is not the only one who invented the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetiev proposed their ideas for the development of a device that transmitted images over wires. In particular, Bakhmetiev came up with a scheme for his device - a telephotographer, but he could not assemble it due to lack of funds.

In 1908, the Armenian physicist Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, Russian emigrant Vladimir Zworykin assembled his own TV, which he called the "iconoscope".

Car with an internal combustion engine

Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline-powered car. In 1855, the German engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 received a patent for his vehicle model. Then he began to produce cars for sale.

The American industrialist Henry Ford also made a huge contribution to the production of automobiles. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but the palm in this area rightfully belongs to Ford. He had a hand in designing the low-cost Model T and created a low-cost assembly line to assemble the vehicle.

Computer

Today we cannot imagine our daily life without a computer or laptop. But just recently, the first computers were used only in science.

In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern sample. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.

In 1946, the American John Mauchly developed the electronic computer ENIAC. The first cars were huge and occupied entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 1970s.

antibiotic penicillin

In 20th century medicine, a revolutionary breakthrough occurred when, in 1928, the English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effect of mold on bacteria.

Thus, the bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from the mold fungi Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen the immune system, and not fight germs. Therefore, for several years antibiotics were not in demand. Only closer to 1943, the drug was widely used in medical institutions. Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.

Internet

The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no such corner of the world where this universal source of communication and information would not be used.

Dr. Licklider, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. The public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters were transmitted, the beginning of an era world wide web was supposed to. Then the first e-mail appeared. The invention of the Internet became a world famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.

Mobile phone

We can't imagine our life without mobile phone I can't even believe that they just appeared recently. American engineer Martin Cooper became the creator of wireless communication. It was he who made the first call cell phone in 1973.

Literally one decade later, this means of communication became available to many Americans. The first Motorola phone was expensive, but people really liked the idea of ​​this method of communication - they literally signed up to get it. The first tubes were heavy and large, and the miniature display showed nothing but the dialed number.

After some time, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation was improved.

Parachute

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci thought about creating a semblance of a parachute. And after a few centuries, people have already begun to jump from balloons, to which they hung half-open parachutes.

In 1912, American Albert Barry parachuted out of an airplane and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a backpack parachute made of silk. They tested the invention on a car that was in motion. Thus was created the brake parachute. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the scientist patented the invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements of the 20th century.

Washing machine

Of course, the invention of the washing machine greatly facilitated and improved people's lives. Its inventor, the American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first device for mechanical washing was a wooden drum that rotated eight times in different directions.

The predecessor of modern models was introduced in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. Washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.

After a while, Whirlpool employees introduced an improved version with plastic overlays that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing machine appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, the production of the Vyatka-avtomat-12 machine was launched.

American inventor of the motion picture, Thomas Edison, who was able to make this form of entertainment technically feasible

For a competition sponsored by Scientific American in 1913, participants had to write an essay on the 10 greatest inventions of "our time" (from 1888 to 1913), while the inventions had to be patentable and dated from the time of their "industrial introduction."

In fact, this task was based on historical perception. Innovations seem more remarkable to us when we see the changes they bring about. In 2016, we may not attach much importance to the merits of Nikola Tesla (Nicola Tesla) or Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison), as we are used to using electricity in all its manifestations, but at the same time we are impressed social change brought about by the rise of the Internet. 100 years ago, people probably would not have understood what it was all about.

Below are excerpts from the first and second prize essays, along with a statistical count of all submissions. The first place was awarded to William I. Wyman, who worked at the US Patent Office in Washington, thanks to which he was well aware of scientific and technological progress.

Essay by William Wyman

1. An electric furnace in 1889 was “the only means of producing carborundum” (the hardest artificial material at that time). It also turned aluminum from "merely valuable to a very useful metal" (reducing its cost by 98%) and "dramatically changed the steel industry."

2. The steam turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, mass production which began over the next 10 years. The turbine significantly improved the power supply system on ships, and was later used to maintain the operation of generators that produce electricity.

The turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, powered the ships. With the right amount, they set the generators in motion and produced energy.

3. Petrol car. In the 19th century, many inventors worked on the creation of a "self-propelled" car. Wyman mentioned Gottlieb Daimler's 1889 engine in his essay: “A hundred years of persistent, but unsuccessful, pursuit of a practically self-propelled machine proves that any invention that first fits into the stated requirements becomes an immediate success. Such success came to the Daimler engine.”

4. Movies. Entertainment will always be of the utmost importance, and "the moving picture has changed the way many people spend their time." The technical pioneer Wyman cited was Thomas Edison.

5. Airplane. Wyman honored the invention of the Wright brothers for "fulfilling a centuries-old dream", but at the same time emphasized its use for military purposes and questioned the general usefulness of flying technology: "Commercially, the aircraft is the least profitable invention among all considered."

Orville Wright conducts a demonstration flight at Fort Mer in 1908 and fulfills the requirements of the American army

Wilbur Wright

6. Wireless telegraphy. To transfer information between people for centuries, perhaps even millennia, have been used various systems. In the US, telegraph signals have become much faster thanks to Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Wireless telegraphy, invented by Guglielmo Marconi, later evolved into radio and thereby freed information from cables.

7. Cyanide process. Sounds toxic, doesn't it? This process appeared on this list for only one reason: it was carried out to extract gold from ore. “Gold is the lifeblood of trade,” in 1913 international trade relations and national currencies were based on it.

8. Asynchronous motor of Nikola Tesla. “This landmark invention is largely responsible for the ubiquitous use of electricity in modern industry,” writes Wyman. Before in residential buildings electricity appeared, an alternating current machine designed by Tesla generated 90% of the electricity consumed in production.

9. Linotype. This machine allowed publishers - mainly newspapers - to compose and cast the text much faster and cheaper. This technology was as advanced as the printing press was considered in its time in relation to the manuscript scrolls that preceded it. It is possible that soon we will stop using paper for writing and reading, and the history of printing will be forgotten.

10. Electric welding process from Elihu Thomson (Elihu Thomson). During the era of industrialization, electric welding made it possible to accelerate the pace of production and create better, more complex machines for the manufacturing process.

Electric welding, created by Elihu Thomson, significantly reduced the cost of manufacturing complex welding equipment.

Essay by George Doe

The second best essay, by George M. Dowe, also from Washington, was more philosophical. He divided all inventions into three sub-sectors: manufacturing, transport, and communications:

1. Electrical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. As natural sources of fertilizer dwindled in the 19th century, artificial fertilization ensured further expansion of agriculture.

2. Preservation of sugar-containing plants. George W. McMullen of Chicago is credited with discovering a way to dry sugar cane and sugar beets for shipping. Sugar production became more efficient and very soon its supply increased significantly.

3. High speed steel alloys. By adding tungsten to steel, "tools made in this way could cut at tremendous speeds without compromising the hardening or cutting edge." The increase in the efficiency of cutting machines has produced "nothing less than a revolution"

4. Lamp with tungsten filament. Another achievement of chemistry: after tungsten replaced the carbon in the filament, the light bulb is considered "improved". As of 2016, they are being phased out around the world in favor of compact fluorescent lamps, which are 4 times more efficient.

5. Airplane. Although it was not yet as widely used for transportation in 1913, "Samuel Langley and the Wright brothers should be given major honors for their contribution to the development of powered flight."

6. Steam turbine. As in the previous list, the turbine is to be commended not only for "use of steam as a prime mover" but also for its use in "power generation".

7. Internal combustion engine. In terms of transportation, Dow credits "Daimler, Ford and Dury" most of all. Gottlieb Daimler is a well-known pioneer of motor Vehicle. Henry Ford began production of the Model T in 1908, which remained very popular until 1913. Charles Duryea created one of the earliest commercially successful gasoline vehicles after 1896.

8. The pneumatic tire, which was originally invented by Robert William Thomson, engineer railway transport. "What the track did for the locomotive, pneumatic tire made for vehicles not tied to railways. However, the essay credits John Dunlop and William C. Bartlet, both of whom have made major contributions to the development of automobile and bicycle tyres.

9. Wireless. Doe praised Marconi for making wireless "commercially viable". The essayist also left a comment that can be attributed to the development of the World Wide Web, stating that wireless communication was "designed primarily to meet the needs of trade, but along the way it also contributed to social interaction."

10. Typesetting machines. The giant rotary press could churn out huge volumes of printed material. The weak link in the production chain was the assembly of printed plates. Linotype and monotype helped to get rid of this shortcoming.

All submitted essays were collected and analyzed to compile a list of inventions that were perceived as the most significant. Wireless telegraph was in almost every text. "Airplane" came in second place, although it was considered important only because of the potential of flying technology. Here are the rest of the results: