From Sopka to Bastion. Sopka (coastal missile system) Sopka coastal complex

In the early 1950s the first anti-ship projectile appeared - the Comet. Then, on the basis of the Comet, the Strela ship-based missile system (KSS) and the underground-based Strela coastal missile system were developed. On the basis of these systems, from December 1, 1955, according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2004-1073, the design of the Sopka mobile coastal missile system (BRK) began. Modifications of the S-2 (4K87) rocket for Strela and Sopka were almost identical, therefore, in the 1960s. the Strela complex was often referred to as the Sopka stationary complex. The Sopka complex used projectiles of the same name (the term "cruise missile" was introduced by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense on October 30, 1959).

The firing of S-2 missiles was carried out as follows. Radar "Cape" conducted a search. When a target was detected, the “Combat Alert” command was sent to all units, which was duplicated, as it should be in the fleet, with loud bells. According to the Mys radar, the Burun radar was aimed at the target, which was switched to the semi-automatic target tracking mode. In combat mode, according to the Burun radar, the S-1M radar was also aimed at the target, but did not turn on. Rockets on PR-15 semi-trailers were delivered to the launchers. At the same time, the semi-trailers drove in reverse onto the walkways and docked with the launchers. The missiles, with the help of loading mechanisms, moved to the guides of the launchers, settled on the sears and were fixed. Then additional keels were suspended and the onboard connectors were connected. On command from the central post (the time the command was given was determined by the firing control devices), the main engines were brought to full speed and started.

The missile’s flight path consisted of an autonomous flight section according to the program until the S-1M radar was launched into the beam, a flight section in the S-1M station’s beam at a height stabilized by the autopilot (on the march section, the S-3 onboard station operated in “A” mode) and a homing section on the target (the S-3 station worked in the "B" mode). In the process of pre-launch control, the Burun radar continuously tracked the target, according to its data, the S-1M radar antenna was aimed at the target, which, with the start of the marching engines at full speed, was switched on in the auto-tracking mode with the emission of a high-frequency signal. After turning on the transmitter for radiation, the S-1M radar worked in automatic tracking mode, creating an equisignal zone in the direction of the target, formed during the rotation of the S-1M radar beam. At the same time, the launcher, with the help of a synchronous-servo drive, continuously turned - “followed” the S-1M radar beam according to the data generated by the fire control devices.

From the moment of launch until entering the beam of the S-1M radar, the rocket flew, controlled only by the autopilot (autonomous flight mode), which maintained the direction given to the rocket when leaving the launcher guides. The launch of the rocket to the cruising altitude was carried out by a height corrector and an autopilot software device. When the rocket entered the beam (the beginning of the march section), the S-3 onboard station began to operate in the guidance mode (“A” mode). In this section, the rocket, keeping at the cruising altitude with the help of a barometric altitude corrector, flew in the beam of the S-1M station. When the missile deviated from the equisignal line of the beam of the S-1M station, the onboard station S-3 reacted by generating signals proportional to the deviations and issued directional commands to the autopilot to keep the rocket on the equisignal line of the beam of the station S-1M continuously following the target.

At a certain distance from the target, set before the start, the homing side of the S-3 station was unlocked. With sufficient power of the S-1M radar pulses reflected from the target, the S-3 station captured the target (switched to the “B” mode) and ensured the missile was guided to the target. At the same time, the height corrector turned off. At the homing site, in combination with the command signals of the S-3 station, a positive block was put into operation along the course. feedback autopilot, which ensured the flight of the rocket to a preemptive meeting point with a moving target. According to the signal of the missile transponder, on the sighting indicator of the S-1M radar, it was possible to observe the missile entering the beam, its flight in the beam, the transition to the homing mode and the approximate rendezvous point with the target. It could also be observed on the indicators of the Mys and Burun radars. After the missiles hit the targets, the transmitters of the S-1M stations were turned off. Immediately after the launch of each of the missiles, preparations for the next shot began: the launchers were transferred to the loading lines, the next missiles were fed, loaded, etc.

In 1958-1959. The S-2 missile, equipped with a thermal homing head (GOS) Sputnik-2, was tested at the Peschanaya Balka training ground. In November-December 1958, two launches took place, and in May-August 1959, three more, after which the Sputnik-2 thermal seeker was put into service. The firing of rockets equipped with Sputnik-2 heads could be carried out in two modes. In the first mode, the S-2, like a missile with a radar seeker, flew in a narrow beam of the S-1M radar, and then, from a distance of 15 km from the target (radius of the thermal head), the homing section began. In this mode, the firing range could reach 105 km. The second mode was turned on in case of active or passive jamming by the enemy, as well as in order to avoid hitting the radar with ammunition aimed at a radio-emitting object. In this mode, it was possible to implement the principle of "fire and forget": the launch of the missile into the homing zone was carried out by an autopilot.

For factory testing of the Sopka complex, four B-163 mobile launchers were delivered to the Peschanaya Balka training ground. The first launch took place on November 27, 1957 from launcher No. 2 of battery No. 1. They fired at a drifting target - the Belbek minesweeper. The distance from the S-1M guidance station to the target was 28.9 km. At 121.7 seconds of flight, the rocket flew over the target at a height of 9 m from the waterline and at a distance of 10 m to the left of the target center and splashed down 7 km behind the target. Based on the results of launches of KSS missiles of the Strela DBK and factory tests of S-2 missiles of the Sopka DBK missile system, it was decided not to conduct flight design tests, but to immediately conduct joint (state) tests of the Sopka mobile missile system.

The first launches of S-2 missiles under the flight design test program took place on August 19, 1959. Shooting was carried out both at fixed targets DK-430, the test vessel (the former German minesweeper M-255), and at a high-speed target of project 183KVU, moving at speeds over 30 knots. The Sopka mobile complex was adopted by the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated December 19, 1958. After the completion of tests at the Peschanaya Balka training ground, the 390th division, equipped with the Sopka complexes, was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet and redeployed to the Chernomorskoye settlement. But here coastal missilemen did not serve long. On May 3, 1962, an order was received to "prepare for redeployment to the territory of a friendly state." The personnel and equipment of the 390th division were loaded in Sevastopol on the motor ship "Leninogorsk", and after 18 days of an extremely difficult journey for people in the holds of the ship, on August 11, 1962, they arrived in the Cuban port of Matanzas.

The location of the 390th division was the suburb of Havana Minas. The division was named "School No. 16", and training of Cuban personnel began on September 1. However, on September 19, due to the crisis in relations between the United States and the USSR, which almost escalated into a war and was subsequently named Caribbean, the studies had to be interrupted. On the night of October 26, 1962, under a tropical downpour, the crews delivered the complexes to the Maryam area and made them ready for battle. But a few hours later, a new order was received - to follow the firing position in the Cienfuegos area. By 6 pm on October 27, having made a 500-kilometer march, the rocket men took up combat duty.

Combat service continued until 9 November. And only two weeks later, the division returned back. At the end of November, the training of Cubans was continued. And in July 1963, Fidel Castro himself participated in the acceptance of the material part of the division. In addition to the 390th division, in July 1962, the 17th separate coastal missile regiment (OBRP) was transferred to Cuba from Poti on a ship. The regiment consisted of two separate divisions and a separate technical battery. On July 29, 1962, the missile division of the regiment under the command of Major Yurchenko Ya. G. in full force, with equipment, arrived in Cuba and was located in the province of Oriente, 10 km from the city of Banes. Following the first division, the rest of the personnel of the 17th OBRP arrived, led by commander A. G. Shikov. The regiment was stationed near the city of Santa Cruz and on the island of Pinos, 120 km south of Cuba. In October 1962, the 17th OBRP went on combat duty. In 1963, the regiment's equipment was handed over to the Cubans, and the personnel returned to the USSR. The officers of the regiment who remained on the "Island of Freedom" as advisers helped their Cuban colleagues in short term master the technique and perform practical rocket firing.

GENERAL PERFORMANCE DATA
Firing sector of each unit, deg ±85°
Firing range (depending on the excess of the S-1M antenna radars above sea level):
- minimum, km 15
- maximum, km 95
Time to prepare the first shot, min. up to 17
Number of missiles in salvo up to 4
Flight speed, km/h 1050
March flight altitude, m 400

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S-2 CRUISE MISSIL
Dimensions:
Length, mm 8480
Height without PRD and additional keel, mm 2119
Height with PRD and additional keel, mm 2935
Wingspan, mm 4722
Width with folded wing panels, mm 1956
Weight summary:
Starting weight, kg 3419
Flight weight, kg 2929
Starting engine (PRD), kg 479
Warhead, kg 1010
Explosive (TGAG-5), kg 860
Engines:
Propulsion engine RD-500K
Propulsion engine thrust, kg 1500
Kerosene tank capacity, l 320
Starting engine SPRD-15
Thrust of the starting engine, t 27-41
Working time, from 1.6-1.8

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STARTER SET
Dimensions:
In traveling position:
- length, mm 12235
- width, mm 3120
- height, mm 2950
In combat position:
- length, mm 12235
- width, mm 5400
- height, mm 3765
Launch angle to the horizon plane, degrees 10°
Angle of horizontal guidance, degrees ±174°
The length of the launch path of the rocket, mm 10000
Number of axles 2
Number of wheels 8
Base, mm 6150
Track, mm 2180
Lowest ground clearance:
- along the axes of the moves, mm 400
- in the center of the cross, mm 600

The development of the Strela coastal weapons system was started in the OKB-155 branch under the leadership of A. Ya. Bereznyak by order of CM No. 3346 of April 21, 1954.

The missile was created on the basis of the ship's cruise missile "Kometa". Its main difference was the equipping of the launch powder accelerator SPRD-15, developed by KB-2 of plant No. 81 MAP under the leadership of chief designer I. I. Kartukov.

The launchers of the Strela complex were supposed to be placed in well-protected stationary shelters.

In the summer of 1955, 13 km southeast of Balaklava, where the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains from a height of 587 m breaks into the sea with a sheer cliff of Cape Aya (Holy Cape), the construction of "object 100" was launched. Military builders and metro builders made a system of tunnels in the rocky soil. To operate the complex, the 362nd Separate Coastal Missile Regiment (OBRP) was formed, which consisted of two divisions, each of which had two twin launchers. All the premises of the complex were cut into the rocky ground. For firing, the twin launcher rose to the surface. The complex was put into operation by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated August 30, 1957. The first firing from the "object 100" complex was carried out on June 5, 1957.

In parallel with the “object 100”, a similar complex “object 101” was being built in the Northern Fleet on the island of Kildin. Unlike Balaklava, the complex was placed in a large hole in the rock, and covered with a thick layer of concrete on top. To operate the "object 101" in 1957, the 616th OBRP was formed. The complex was put into operation by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated January 6, 1958. "Object 101" turned out to be the second and last domestic stationary missile base with cruise missiles.

By Decree of Council of Ministers No. 2004-1073 of December 1, 1955, work began on the Sopka mobile complex. The S-2 (4K-87) missiles of the Strela and Sopka complexes were almost the same, therefore, in the 60s, the Strela complex was often called the Sopka stationary complex.

The Sopka mobile complex was put into service by the Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated December 19, 1958.

Externally, the S-2 missile is similar to the MiG-15bis. A characteristic scheme is a frontal air intake, a swept mid-wing and plumage, a developed upper keel.

Information about the launches of S-2 Sopka missiles in the period from 1962 to 1971

"Sopka" had a sustainer aircraft turbojet engine designed by V. Ya. Klimov. To carry out the launch, a solid-propellant jet booster was attached to the rocket body in its tail section.

The guidance and fire control system of the Sopka complex included: the Cape detection radar, the central post, combined with the S-1M guidance radar and the Burun tracking radar. Radar stations "Cape" and "Burun" were developed by NII-49 and in 1955 passed state tests.

Radar station "Cape" is designed to detect marine targets and issue data and targets to the central post.

The central post with the S-1M guidance radar is designed to control the preparation of S-2 missiles for launch, to guide launchers according to the S-1M radar data, to launch missiles and guide them to the target. The equipment of the central post was located in the cabin of the APL-598 trailer towed by an AT-S tractor. The S-1M radar station was also located there, except for the receiving-transmitting and antenna units, which were installed on a special antenna tower. The latter was mounted on the chassis of the YaAZ-219 car, its height in combat position was 11.01 m.

The Burun radar station was designed to track the target and point the S-1M station at the target in the presence of interference.

The action of the Sopka complex proceeded as follows. Radar "Mys" searched for the target. When a target was detected, the “Combat Alert” command was given to all units with loud ringing bells.

According to the Mys radar, the Burun radar was aimed at the target and switched to semi-automatic target tracking mode. According to the Burun radar, the S-1M radar was also aimed at the target, but did not turn on.

Rockets on PR-15 semi-trailers were delivered to the launchers. At the same time, the semi-trailers drove in reverse onto the walkways and docked with the launchers. The missiles were dragged to the launchers with the help of loading mechanisms, settled on the sears and fixed. Then additional keels were suspended and the ship's onboard connectors were connected.

On command from the central post (the time the command was given was determined by the firing control devices), the marching engines were brought to full speed and started.

The missile's flight path consisted of the autonomous flight section according to the program until the S-1M radar was launched into the beam, the flight section in the S-1M station beam at a height stabilized by the autopilot (the march section, the S-3 onboard station operates in the "A" mode) and target homing site (S-3 station operates in "B" mode).

In the process of pre-launch control, the Burun radar continuously monitored the target, and according to its data, the S-1M radar antenna was aimed at the target, which was switched on in the auto-tracking mode with the radiation of high-frequency energy with the start of the sustainer engines at full speed.

After turning on the transmitter for radiation, the S-1M radar worked in automatic tracking mode, creating an equisignal zone in the direction of the target, formed during the rotation of the S-1M radar beam. At the same time, the launcher, using a synchronous-servo drive, continuously “followed” the S-1M radar beam according to the data generated by the fire control devices.

When the rocket entered the beam (the beginning of the march section), the S-3 onboard station began to operate in the guidance mode (“A” mode).

In this section, the rocket, keeping at the cruising altitude with the help of a barometric altitude corrector, flew in the beam of the S-1M station. When the missile deviated from the equisignal line of the beam of the S-1M station, the onboard station S-3 reacted to these deviations, generated signals proportional to the deviations, and issued commands to the autopilot to keep the missile on the equisignal line of the beam of the S-1M station continuously following the target .

At the homing site, in combination with the command signals of the S-3 station along the course, the autopilot positive feedback unit was activated, which ensured the missile's flight to a predicted meeting point with a moving target.

By the signal of the missile transponder, on the sighting indicator of the S-1M radar, it was possible to observe the missile entering the beam, its flight in the beam, the transition to the homing mode and the approximate place of impact.

The place where the rocket fell could also be observed on the indicators of the Mys and Burun radars. After the fall (hitting the target), the transmitters of the S-1M stations turned off.

Immediately after the launch of each of the missiles, preparations began for the next shot: the launchers were brought to the loading line, the next missiles were delivered to the launchers, the launchers were loaded, etc.

In 1959, the S-2 rocket, equipped with a Sputnik-2 thermal homing head, was tested. Shooting with such missiles could be carried out in two modes. In the first, the S-2 missile, as with a radar homing head, flew in a narrow beam of the S-1M radar, and then at a distance of 15 km (radius of the thermal head) or less from the target, the homing section began. In this mode, the firing range could reach 105 km.

The second mode could be used when the enemy created active or passive interference, as well as to avoid missiles homing to a radio-emitting object from hitting the radar station. In this mode, the “fire and forget” principle was implemented, i.e., the launch of the missile into the homing zone was carried out by an autopilot.

Camera Operator / Photo: AP Photo/ File

New radar complex"Sopka-2" was deployed on Wrangel Island to monitor the air situation in the Arctic, Colonel Alexander Gordeev, head of the press service of the Eastern Military District, told RIA Novosti reporters.

“The complex is equipped with a protective antenna dome and is capable of operating in any weather conditions, in particular, with winds up to 40 meters per second and temperatures down to minus 40 degrees Celsius”

"In 2016, a new route radar complex (TRLC) Sopka-2 was put into operation on Wrangel Island. The main task of this TRLC is to obtain, generalize and analyze information about the air situation in the Arctic zone," he said.

Gordeev noted that due to the high resolution Sopka-2 is able to recognize individual air targets flying as part of a group. The complex is equipped with a protective antenna dome and is capable of operating in any weather conditions, in particular, with winds up to 40 meters per second and temperatures down to minus 40 degrees Celsius.

IN last years Russia has begun active economic development of its northern territories, including the extraction of hydrocarbons, as well as the development of the Northern Sea Route, which is increasingly becoming an alternative to traditional routes from Europe to Asia. A whole range of measures, including of a military nature, is aimed at protecting Russian interests in the Arctic, given the increased attention to the region by NATO member countries.

Technical reference

The route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" S-band is designed to be used as a source of radar information for air traffic control systems and airspace control. At the same time, a separate channel was organized in the TRLK for obtaining information about the intensity and boundaries of meteorological formations, similar to the data obtained from specialized S-range weather radars.

TRLK "Sopka-2" provides detection of air objects (AO), measurement of range, azimuth and elevation (altitude) of targets, determination of nationality; receiving additional information through the MVRL/NRZ channel transmitted by on-board transponders, the combination of radar information (RI) received from the RRL, SRRL and NRZ, and also issues the processed information to consumers according to agreed protocols to display facilities.

Route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" S-band / Photo: army-news.ru

Primary Radar Antenna- phased antenna array (PAR), with frequency control of the beam position in the vertical plane; MSRL and NRZ antennas are monopulse antenna arrays located on the rear side of the PRL antenna ("back-to-back"). Azimuth rotation is provided by a gearless rotation drive.

PRL transmitter- solid-state, with in-phase power summation of 64 air-cooled modules, the average radiated power at the transmitter output is not less than 4 kW. The amplitude-phase stability of the transmitter provides a coefficient of suppression of reflections from local objects of at least 50 dB. The transmitter operates in the “soft failure” mode, the replacement of failed modules can be carried out during operation without turning off the radiation.

Receiving device PRL multi-channel, consists of 4 main and 4 backup channels (100% redundancy). Each channel has a single frequency conversion with a noise figure of no more than 3 dB.

Multichannel equipment digital processing signals built on digital signal processors and programmable logic integrated circuits (FPGA). The analog-to-digital conversion of the received signal is performed at an intermediate frequency with the formation of an amplitude-frequency characteristic using digital filters that ensure high identity of the channel characteristics and their phase stability. Intra-period signal processing (compression, suppression of non-synchronous impulse noise) is implemented on the FPGA.

Interperiod processing (selection of moving targets, with adaptation to the parameters of interfering reflections based on lattice filtering algorithms) is carried out on signal processors. The primary processing processor performs the formation of packets and the calculation of the coordinates of air objects, the formation of bearings of active jammers, the formation of passive jamming maps. The secondary processing processor performs trajectory processing and identification of the PRL information with the MSSR/NRZ data. Tracking the trajectories of air objects is possible according to information received from any channel (PRL or MSSR / NRZ).

The built-in monopulse secondary radar "Lira-VM" complies with the RBS standard with the possibility of implementing the "S" mode and can also operate in all modes state identification"Password".

The built-in control system makes it possible to implement survey programs in automatic mode, detecting and tracking AO equipped with appropriate transponders.

Tactical and technical indicators

Work limits
By range, km (PRL / MVRL)	360/450
Azimuth, degrees	360
By elevation, hail	45
Altitude, km	35
Position accuracy (RMS)
For PRL:	in range, m - 250; in azimuth, arc min - 10; in elevation, arc min - 15
For MVRL/NRZ:	in range, m - 50; in azimuth, arc min - 6
Resolution
For PRL:	in range, m - 250; in azimuth, deg - 1.3
For VRL:	in range, m - 100; in azimuth, deg - 0.6
The probability of combining the coordinates of the PSR and SSR from the output of the APOI
One aircraft	not less than 0.95
flight information	0,96
Information discovery rate, s	10
Number of simultaneously tracked target tracks	300
Power consumption, kVA	no more than 50
Mean time between failures, hour	10000

A distinctive feature of the construction of the MSSR equipment is the use of fully digital redundant equipment for processing response signals with coding at an intermediate frequency and digital phase detection.

The control of the inclusion and alternation of the request modes is carried out automatically according to the data of the processor of the secondary information processing.

Automated system control and management provides diagnostics of RLC devices in order to localize faults and failures with an accuracy of a replaceable element (typical replacement element) and automatic or manual reconfiguration of systems based on the results of monitoring the performance of the RLC, remote switching on (off) and control of operating modes.

The equipment of the Sopka-2 complex / Photo: army-news.ru

High reliability is ensured by full duplication of equipment with automatic redundancy, the availability of control and remote control provides the ability to work without the constant presence of service personnel.

The TRLK equipment is installed in a mobile building of the "Universal" system, which has all the necessary conditions for the operation of the equipment and personnel (ventilation, air conditioning, heating, lighting, fire and burglar alarms, automatic fire extinguishing system, etc.).

November 19th, 2016

The division of the mine coastal missile system "Utes" was restored in the Crimea.

"It is assumed that the revived complex will conduct several missile launches in order to prove its viability. In the future, it is planned to deploy a silo-based Bastion missile system at its base," the source said.

Let's remember the history of this missile system.

In order to protect the southern maritime borders and Sevastopol from the sea at the height of the Cold War, in 1954, high in the mountains near Balaklava, the world's first Sopka underground coastal-based missile system with a range of up to 100 km in the Black Sea began to be created.

The construction of "Object 100" (such a code was given to a secret construction site) was carried out by the 95th Specialized Directorate of Underground Operations of the Black Sea Fleet. The object consisted of two identical underground complexes and launch pads, 6 km apart from each other. Military builders led Chief Engineer building management Black Sea Fleet Colonel A. Gelovani - future Deputy Minister of Defense, Marshal of Engineering Troops. Captain A. Kuznetsov was the head of the construction of site No. 1, and engineer A. Klyuev was the head of site No. 2. Installation operations from the Era enterprise were led by engineer F. Karaka. Up to 1,000 people were employed at each construction site.

At construction sites, starting positions and underground structures protected from atomic weapons were erected from heat-resistant concrete, which housed command posts, missile storage facilities and workshops for preparation and refueling. The missiles in the facilities were on special technological carts with folded wings and moved to the starting positions by special mechanisms. The underground complex had full engineering support, diesel power plants, filter-ventilation installations, stocks of fuel, water and food, ensuring the life of the object when it is completely sealed after an atomic strike. Protected reinforced concrete bunkers were placed at the heads next to the launch positions to shelter the missiles removed from the launch.

The guidance and fire control system of the Sopka complex included the Mys detection radar, a central post combined with the S-1M guidance radar and the Burun tracking radar. Radar stations "Mys" and "Burun" in 1955 passed the state tests. The Mys radar station is designed to detect marine targets and issue target data to the central post and was located at an altitude of more than 550 meters at Cape Aya.

At the end of 1956, the construction of "Object 100" was practically completed, the personnel underwent special training. A separate coastal missile regiment was formed, which on February 23, 1957 was included in the forces of the combat core of the fleet. The first commander of the regiment was Lieutenant Colonel G. Sidorenko (later Major General, Chief of Coastal Troops and Marine Corps of the Black Sea Fleet). According to the test plan, the regiment carried out several missile firings. The very first of them was held on June 5, 1957 in the presence of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral V. A. Kasatonov. The launch was made from the second battery (commander Lieutenant V. Karsakov). Successful outcome announced the appearance in the Navy of the USSR of a new kind of force - coastal missile units.

On July 25, 1957, the state commission accepted "Object 100". And at the beginning of 1959, for the first time, the regiment was awarded the challenge prize of the Civil Code of the Navy for rocket firing. On July 30, 1960, the regiment received its permanent name - the 362nd Separate Coastal Missile Regiment (OBRP). During the operation of the Skala DBK from 1957 to 1965, the regiment carried out more than 25 practical missile launches.

On July 16, 1961, a resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued on the re-equipment of the Utes coastal stationary complexes from Sopka missiles to P-35B missiles. The re-equipment of stationary "objects 100" and "101" from the Strela complexes to the newly created Utes complex was determined by this decree. The Utes stationary coastal operational-tactical anti-ship missile system was developed on the basis of the P-35 anti-ship missile and the Redut mobile coastal complex at OKB-52 (TsKBM) under the leadership of V.M. Chelomeya. The Utes complex was adopted by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of April 28, 1973. The Utes complex re-equipped units previously equipped with the Sopka complex.

The complex included: MRSTs-1 ("Success-U"), the Mys radar with the Password identification system, a control system, launchers, P-35 missiles, and a ground equipment complex. The control system "Utes" was created at NII-303, the sustainer turbojet engine of the rocket was developed at OKB-300. At Cape Aya, the second division of the 362nd OBRP was the first to be re-equipped in 1964. The main technical solutions for the Utes complex differed significantly from those previously implemented for the Strela complex, the launchers of which were advanced in a horizontal direction from rock adits. For "Utes" rotary two-container installations weighing more than 30 tons were adopted, which were placed in mines 20 m deep, and before launch they rose to a height of 6 m above the surface. Immediately before the launch, the containers with missiles were brought out at an angle of 15 °. All the main objects of the complexes were located in reinforced concrete structures buried in the rocky ground. In them, in the process of pre-launch preparation, rockets were checked and refueled. During the engine race, immediately before the launch, directly on the launcher (as in the shipboard CM-70), the rocket was refueled, which increased the firing range.

On September 16, 1964, the first batch of military builders of a special detachment of the Black Sea Fleet arrived at the location of the regiment. The underground structures that the regiment had were subject to reconstruction to fit the dimensions of the new coastal missile system. The builders under the leadership of Captain A. Klimov, together with the personnel of the second division, began work. Prior to this, the former complex was completely dismantled.

Ten-meter rockets in a horizontal position with folded wings were stored on technological carts with launch units and, after pre-launch preparation and refueling with liquid fuel, were ready for launch. The twin launch containers retracted from the ground made it possible to quickly reload new missiles.

Autonomous testing of ground equipment began in mid-1968 and continued for more than two years. On May 28, 1971, the first launch of the P-35 was carried out at a range of about 200 km. Work in the first division was completed on February 25, 1972, and on April 17 of the following year, shooting at the target of project 1784 at a distance of 217 km was successfully completed. On April 28, 1973, both divisions of the regiment entered service. In 1978-1983 33 launches were performed, 30 of them were successful. The re-equipment of divisions of the 616th Separate Coastal Missile Regiment of the Northern Fleet on Kildin Island was completed in 1976 and in 1983. The launchers of the complex were placed in rocky shelters. Launchers are generally similar to the "half" PU missile cruisers project 56 ("Grozny", "Admiral Golovko") - in the installation there are not 4 containers with anti-ship missiles, but two. Cruise missiles were delivered to the launch pads through tunnels along guide rails on special platforms with electric motors.

The launchers were protected by massive steel covers, which moved to the side during launch. In a matter of minutes, the colossal structure of the launcher appeared on the surface and could strike with two missiles. The "object 100" included two divisions, separated by a distance of 6 kilometers, each of which was armed with two launchers. In 1974, the modernization of coastal missile systems for the Progress missile began. In 1976, the regiment at Cape Aya carried out six test launches. In 1982, the complex was modernized - a new 3M44 Progress missile was introduced into the complex. The production of missiles for coastal complexes was carried out from 1982 to 1987. Due to the long range of fire, the battery of the Utes complex, with external target designation, can cover the coast with a length of several hundred kilometers. A powerful cumulative high-explosive or nuclear warhead (350 kt) makes it possible to disable a ship of any class with one missile.

At the end of April 1972, after six test launches, "Object 100" was introduced into the permanent readiness forces. On April 19, 1973, the first test firing was successfully completed according to the combat training plan at a distance of 219 kilometers. 1986 was a record year in terms of the number of rocket launches - 14, of which 10 were in target mode, two - under the program of control and serial tests.

The regiment repeatedly bore the title of excellent, was awarded the challenge Red Banners of the Military Councils of the Black Sea Fleet and the Navy for missile firing at a sea target. In 1982, the name of the regiment was entered on the marble Board of Honor at the Central Naval Museum.

The last time "Object 100" launched a rocket was in September 1993, after which it was idle for several years. As part of the agreement on the division of the Black Sea Fleet in 1996, the complex was transferred to Ukraine. In 1997, the new owners were even able to make one training launch of a rocket, after which the complex was actually destroyed.

After that, in the early 2000s, the division near the village of Oboronnoye was looted and all the metal was removed from it. In 2002, the division was disbanded, in 2003-2004 the equipment was cut into pieces. The other division was mothballed and, oddly enough, survived. In 2009, the Ukrainian Navy even made an attempt to restore it. Now this division has been returned to the Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops of the Russian Navy!

In the fall of 2014, engineers and workers at the Black Sea Fleet’s rocket and artillery repair plant restored the coastal missile division of the famous Sotka missile system, which is located near the village of Reserve.

A previously informed source said that the first silo-based Bastion coastal missile system could be deployed in Crimea by 2020.

"It will use both the currently existing Yakhont anti-ship missiles and the promising versions of missiles currently being developed that will be capable of destroying any target located in the Black Sea," the agency's interlocutor said.

According to him, the mine method of deploying the "Bastion" will significantly increase the combat stability of the complex.

"Stationary basing will make an irreversible strike of retaliation against any ship that invades the territorial waters of the Russian Black Sea," the source said.

He noted that the stationary "Bastion" will be able to use unmanned aircrafts and underwater sonar systems. The mine will be able to withstand excessive pressure in the front shock wave force up to 20 kgf/cm2.

The mobile coastal missile system "Bastion" with a unified supersonic homing anti-ship missile 3M55 "Yakhont" was developed and manufactured by NPO Mashinostroeniya (part of the Tactical Missiles Corporation).

The Bastion complex is designed to protect the sea coast with a length of over 600 km and destroy surface ships of various classes and types operating as part of landing formations, convoys, ship and aircraft carrier strike groups, as well as single ships and ground radio-contrast targets in conditions of intense fire and electronic counteraction.

The ammunition load of one complex can include up to 36 Yakhont missiles. The missile has an over-the-horizon firing range. It implements the principle of "shot - forgot".

"Yakhont" is capable of hitting targets at a distance of 300 km and carrying a warhead weighing more than 200 kg. The missile is distinguished by complete autonomy of combat use, high supersonic speed in all areas of flight, the ability to select various trajectories (low-altitude and combined), as well as complete unification for a wide range of marine, aviation and ground carriers.

Photo 1.

After the collapse of the USSR, the legendary “hundred part” was transferred several times to one or another unit of the Ukrainian Navy. But no one took care of the object, and this military unit fell into disrepair. Looted blocks at the command post, carved cable routes with non-ferrous metal - this is the legacy received by Russian missilemen who appeared on the battery shortly after the events of the Crimean spring. Therefore, the restoration of the combat capability of the Utes was a real technical feat. This task was entrusted to the officer who once commanded the division, and now works in the recovery team, reserve lieutenant colonel Yevgeny Lipko.

Photo 2.

It was very difficult to achieve this,” says reserve lieutenant colonel Yevgeny Lipko. - But we, like the obsessed, together with today's rocket scientists, completed the task. I really wanted to hear the rocket thunder again over the steep Crimean coast and remember my officer's youth, when we fired rockets regularly. Now we continue repair work together with the specialists of NPO Mashinostroenie. These are professionals of the highest level. One of them is Doctor of Sciences, Captain 1st Rank Konstantin Pogorelov. We hope that now, as in the past, Utes' rocket signatures will appear in the Crimean sky, protecting the peaceful life of the inhabitants of the peninsula.

Photo 3.

Lipko showed metal hanging beds fixed in the walls of the underground corridors. It turns out that at one time they were removed from the decommissioned cruiser Slava, and thanks to them, during combat duty, the division turned into a ship on the shore, only with a higher combat readiness. The rocket men were here around the clock - they slept underground in the corridors cut down by the creators of the "weave" in the rocky ground. They carried real combat duty here when NATO ships entered the Black Sea. And each of the uninvited guests was, as they say, at gunpoint. The missiles and missilemen were in readiness for immediate action. So it was during the demarche newest ships The US Navy - the cruiser Yorktown and the destroyer Caron, which were forced out by our two patrol ships, which were significantly inferior in displacement and armament to the American ones.

Photo 4.

Together with Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Slesarev, commander of the "Utes" division, we walked along the adit to the launcher past the cruise missiles hidden in the storage. We caught the moment when powerful lifting devices slowly but surely pushed the launcher up for a trial run of the cruise missile engine. The main engine hums and releases a powerful jet of air.

first in recent history the firing of the Utyos missilemen was carried out already a few months after the entry of Sevastopol and Crimea into the Russian Federation. Ever since the days of the USSR, every missile firing was marked by the appearance of a five-pointed star on the container lid, and now a tricolor Russian one has appeared on the launcher next to the red stars.

Photo 5.

The 3M44 Progress missiles, due to their long firing range with external target designation, can cover a coastline several hundred kilometers long, says Sergey Gross, Deputy Chief of the Coastal Forces of the Black Sea Fleet, in the recent past. - The Progress missiles, though not new, as we say, in modern coastal missile systems Bal or Bastion, are very reliable. A powerful cumulative high-explosive or special warhead of the Progress missile will disable a ship of any class with one missile.

Photo 6.

Near the starting position in the alpine forest, a small military town was lost, where everything is thought out for a comfortable life for missilemen. The barracks here are quite spacious, the beds are in one tier. There is a recreation room for personnel with a large plasma TV, a huge chess table, a utility room equipped with everything necessary. In its place is the latest issue of the wall newspaper, which is published by the senior sailor of the contract service Yulia Vasilyeva.

Despite the remoteness of our division, it is staffed by 80 percent of contract soldiers, - says Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Slesarev. - This is a high percentage. And all are real professionals.

Photo 7.

Photo 8.

Photo 9.

sources

In 1954, the development of the Strela coastal missile system with the S-2 anti-ship cruise missile began. The result of this project was the construction of four complexes in the Crimea and on about. Kildin, the full operation of which began by 1958. Having a number of characteristic advantages, the Strela stationary complex could not change its position, which is why it risked becoming the target of the first strike. Thus, coastal missile forces and artillery needed a mobile system that was less susceptible to retaliatory or preventive strikes. The solution to this problem was the Sopka project.

The decision to create a mobile missile system based on existing developments was made at the end of 1955 and enshrined in a resolution of the Council of Ministers of December 1. Branch OKB-155, headed by A.Ya. Bereznyak, instructed to create a new version of the missile system with extensive use of existing developments and products. The project received symbol Sopka. Interestingly, it was planned to use the S-2 rocket, which was created for the Strela complex. This feature of the two projects often leads to confusion, which is why the stationary complex is often referred to as an early modification of the Hills. However, despite the high degree of unification, these were two different projects that were created in parallel.

The creation of the Sopka complex started almost two years after the start of work on the Strela, which led to some specific results. First of all, this made it possible to speed up the work on the new project through the use of already developed components and assemblies. In addition, more new complex was supposed to receive a number of funds of later models and different from those used in the Strela. It also provided for the use of some systems that should have been developed from scratch. First of all, these were means of ensuring the mobility of the complex.

B-163 launcher with S-2 missile. Photo by Wikimedia Commons

The main element of the Sopka complex was to be the S-2 guided cruise missile, the development of which was nearing completion. It was a slightly modified modification of the KS-1 Kometa aircraft missile and was intended to destroy surface targets. When developing the KS-1, developments on the first domestic jet fighters were widely used, which led to the formation of a characteristic appearance products. "Comet" and missiles based on it outwardly looked like a smaller copy of the MiG-15 or MiG-17 fighter without a cockpit and weapons. External similarity was accompanied by unification in some systems.

The C-2 missile with a total length of less than 8.5 m had a streamlined cylindrical fuselage with a frontal air intake, on the upper surface of which there was a homing head casing. The rocket received a swept wing with a span of 4.7 m with hinges for folding and a keel with a mid-position horizontal tail. The main external difference between the C-2 product and the base KS-1 was in the starting powder engine, which was proposed to be suspended under the tail of the rocket.

For launch, exit from the launch guide and initial acceleration, the S-2 rocket was supposed to use the SPRD-15 solid-fuel booster with a thrust of up to 41 tons. An RD-500K turbojet engine with a thrust of up to 1500 kg was proposed as a marching power plant. The latter worked on kerosene and allowed a rocket with a launch weight of up to 3.46 tons (less than 2950 kg after the booster was dropped) to reach speeds of up to 1000-1050 km / h and cover a distance of up to 95 km.

The missile received a semi-active C-3 type radar homing head with the ability to operate in two modes, which are responsible for targeting at different stages of flight. A high-explosive warhead with a charge weighing 860 kg was placed inside the fuselage of the rocket. The rocket also received a barometric altimeter for flying to the target, an autopilot and a set of other equipment borrowed from the base KS-1.

Rocket on launch rail. Photo Alternalhistory.com

Especially for the Sopka missile system, the Bolshevik plant developed the B-163 mobile launcher. This product was a wheeled towed chassis with outriggers and a turntable, on which a 10 m long swinging launch guide was mounted. The guide consisted of two rails on a U-shaped base, along which the rocket mounts were supposed to move. The starting engine at the same time passed between the rails. The guide had two positions: horizontal transport and combat with a fixed elevation angle of 10 °. Horizontal guidance was carried out within 174 ° to the right and left of the longitudinal axis. An electric winch was provided for reloading the rocket from the conveyor to the guide.

The B-163 installation had a total length of 12.235 m, a width of 3.1 m and a height of 2.95 m. missiles). It was proposed to transport the launcher using the AT-C tractor. Towing was allowed at a speed of no more than 35 km / h. After arriving at the position, the calculation of the launcher had to deploy, which took 30 minutes.

For the transportation of missiles, the product PR-15 was proposed. It was a semi-trailer for the ZIL-157V tractor with mounts for the S-2 rocket and devices for reloading the product onto the launcher. To reload the rocket from the conveyor to the rail, it was necessary to submit the conveyor to the installation and dock them. After that, with the help of a winch, it was transferred to the guide. Then it was necessary to perform some other procedures, including the suspension of the starting engine, connecting cables, etc.

The composition of the search and target detection tools remained the same and corresponded to the basic complex. The Sopka complex, as in the case of the Strela, should have included several radar stations for various purposes. In order to ensure the rapid transfer of the complex to the indicated positions, all radars had to be carried out in the form of towed trailers with their own power supply systems and all necessary equipment.

To monitor the covered area and search for targets, the Sopka complex was supposed to use the Mys radar station. This system made it possible to maintain an all-round view or monitor the selected sector at ranges up to 200 km. The task of the Mys station was to search for targets and the subsequent issuance of data about them to other means of the missile system responsible for performing other tasks.

Tractor, transporter PR-15 and rocket S-2. Figure Alternalhistory.com

Data about the found target was transmitted to the Burun tracking radar. The task of this system was to track surface targets with the determination of their coordinates for a subsequent attack. The capabilities of Burun made it possible to track objects at ranges comparable to the maximum detection limit of the Cape, at a target speed of up to 60 knots. Data from the Burun station was used in the operation of the next element of the complex.

The S-1 or S-1M illumination radar in a towed version was to be responsible directly for the attack of the target. Before the launch and until the end of the rocket flight, this station was supposed to follow the target, directing its beam at it. At all stages of the flight, the missile's homing system was supposed to receive a direct or reflected C-1 signal and use it to orient in space or aim at an illuminated target.

The S-3 homing head used on the S-2 rocket was a further development of the devices used in previous projects based on the Comet. The semi-active seeker was supposed to operate in two modes and, due to this, provide flight to the target area with subsequent guidance to it. Immediately after the launch, the rocket had to enter the beam of the C-1 station and be kept in it until a certain point in the flight - this mode of operation of the seeker was designated by the letter "A". Mode "B" was switched on at a distance of no more than 15-20 km from the target in accordance with the pre-set installed program flight. In this mode, the rocket was supposed to look for the signal of the illumination station, reflected by the target. The final targeting of the enemy object was carried out precisely according to the reflected signal.

The used set of radar detection and control tools allowed the Sopka complex to detect potentially dangerous surface objects within a radius of up to 200 km. Due to the limitations imposed by the design of the cruise missile, the target engagement range did not exceed 95 km. Taking into account the speeds of potential targets, as well as the difference in the range of detection and destruction, the calculation of the coastal complex had enough time to complete all the necessary work before launching the missile.

The main combat unit of the Sopka complex was to be a missile battalion. This unit included four launchers, one set of radar stations and one command post. In addition, the division received a set of tractors, missile transporters, ammunition (most often 8 missiles) and various aids for maintenance, preparation for work, etc.

Rocket, rear view. A powder starting engine is visible. Photo mil-history.livejournal.com

The coastal complex, consisting of the S-2 missile and the Mys, Burun and S-1 radar stations, was first tested in early June 1957. Then, as part of the tests of the stationary complex "Strela", a search was made for a training target, followed by the launch of a cruise missile. Due to the high unification of the two complexes during the creation of Sopka, it was possible to significantly reduce and speed up the test program. Most of the systems of this complex have already been tested during the previous project, which had corresponding positive consequences.

Nevertheless, the Sopka complex nevertheless passed the necessary checks. Factory tests of this system started on November 27, 1957. Until December 21, four missile launches were carried out for a training target. At the same time, the first two launches were single, and the last two missiles were launched in one gulp at the end of December. All four missiles successfully aimed at the target in the form of a ship standing on barrels, but only three were able to hit it. The rocket of the second launch did not hit the ship, but one of the barrels holding it in place. Nevertheless, the tests were considered successful, which allowed the work to continue.

State tests of the Sopka complex began in mid-August 1958 and continued for the next two months. During these checks, 11 missiles were used. One launch was recognized as completely successful, seven more were partially successful, and the other three did not lead to the defeat of training targets. Such indicators of the complex, as well as the possibility of a quick change of position, became the reason for the appearance of a recommendation for adoption.

On December 19, 1958, the newest Sopka coastal missile system with the S-2 cruise missile was put into service. navy. Shortly thereafter, a plan for the serial construction of new systems was finally adopted, followed by the transfer of the fleet to the coastal troops and deployment in various parts of the coast.

Formation of connections that were to be exploited new technology, began a few months before the official adoption of the "Sopka" into service. Back in June 1958, a separate division was formed as part of the Baltic Fleet, which was armed with the Sopka complex. At the beginning of 1960, this division was reorganized into the 27th Separate Coastal Missile Regiment (OBRP). In May 1960, the 10th Separate Mobile Coastal Artillery Regiment of the Baltic Fleet became a separate coastal missile regiment.

Launch preparation. Photo army-news.ru

In 1959, the Sopka complexes, after being officially put into service, began to supply the Northern and Pacific Fleets. As a result, by the year 1960, the 735th Coastal Artillery Regiment became a missile regiment in the Northern Fleet. Later he received a new number, becoming the 501st OBRP. In the 59th, the 528th Separate Coastal Missile Regiment began serving in Primorye, and a year later, the 21st Regiment began serving in Kamchatka. At the beginning of July 1960, a new 51st OBRP appeared in the Black Sea Fleet, which immediately received the Sopka complexes. Thus, by the end of 1960, all Soviet fleets had at least one regiment armed with mobile coastal missile systems, each consisting of four divisions. Two regiments were deployed in especially critical areas, in the Pacific Ocean and in the Baltic.

After the formation of new and rearmament of existing units, the Soviet Union began supplying Sopka complexes to friendly states. One of the first foreign customers were the GDR and Poland. For example, in 1964, the 27th OBRP helped Polish and German colleagues in the development and use of new weapons. Thus, the first firing of S-2 missiles by Germany and Poland was carried out under the control of the Soviet military. In addition, Sopka systems were supplied to Bulgaria, Egypt, North Korea, Cuba and Syria.

Of particular interest is the supply of missile systems to Cuba, which actually became the first foreign operator of Sopka. In August 1962, four divisions from the 51st Separate Coastal Missile Regiment of the Black Sea Fleet were delivered to Freedom Island. The divisions had at their disposal up to 35-40 S-2 missiles, as well as eight launchers (two per division) and radar stations of all the necessary types. After the well-known events of the autumn of 1962, the servicemen of the 51st OBRP went home. The material part of the regiment was left to the coastal troops of a friendly state. Returning home, the regiment received new missile systems and continued to serve, defending the Black Sea coast.

In 1959, a project was developed to modernize the S-2 rocket using a new homing system. The updated rocket differed from the basic version by the presence of the Sputnik-2 equipment instead of the C-3 GOS. The flight mode was retained in the beam of the radar station of illumination, and at the final stage it was proposed to direct the missile at the thermal radiation of the target. The use of an infrared homing head made it possible to attack surface targets when electromagnetic interference was set by the enemy, and also to protect the Sopka complex radar from enemy anti-radar missiles. It was also planned to implement the "launch-and-forget" principle, in which the rocket had to go to the target area using an autopilot and then turn on the seeker. For a number of reasons, the S-2 missile with the Sputnik-2 system did not go into series, and the troops continued to operate weapons with semi-active radar seekers.

The Sopka missile system was in service with the coastal troops of the USSR Navy until the early 1980s. By this time, newer and more advanced systems of a similar purpose had been created in our country, but the operation of obsolete complexes continued until their resource was completely depleted. Six missile regiments regularly participated in target shooting exercises. From the beginning of the sixties to the beginning of the seventies, more than 210 missiles were used, of which just over a hundred hit their targets. Thus, the 51st OBRP of the Black Sea Fleet in 1962-71 used 93 missiles with 39 successful hits on the target. Two regiments of the Baltic Fleet used up only 34 missiles during the same time and completed 23 successful launches.

Products B-163 and S-2. Photo Alternalhistory.com

Until the very end of the operation of the Sopka complexes with S-2 missiles, the Soviet coastal troops fired only at training targets. Nevertheless, the complex still managed to take part in a real armed conflict. During the war doomsday, October 9, 1973, Egyptian missilemen stationed in the Alexandria area fired on Israeli combat boats. According to Egypt, the use of five missiles led to the sinking of one enemy boat. Israel, however, did not confirm these losses.

The Soviet Union decommissioned the obsolete complex in the early eighties. The Sopka was replaced by newer developments with guided weapons that differ enhanced performance. Subsequently, the majority of foreign operators abandoned the S-2 missiles. According to some sources, the Sopka complex is currently in service only in North Korea. At the same time, there is reason to believe that the North Korean industry has upgraded an outdated Soviet-designed model.

The Sopka coastal missile system became the second and last such system based on the Kometa KS-1 aircraft missile. It was put into service later than all its predecessors, and was also operated much longer than them - until the beginning of the eighties. For their time, all missile systems based on the Kometa were highly effective weapons with great potential, but the development of missiles and means of protection did not stand still. Because of this, over time, the KS-1 and its derivatives lost all their advantages and became obsolete in every sense, after which they were removed from service. Outdated systems were replaced by new weapons with higher performance, which ensured the preservation and increase in the striking power of the fleet and its coastal troops.

According to materials:
http://armoredgun.org/
http://bratishka.ru/
http://vpk-news.ru/
http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
Shirokorad A.B. Weapons of the national fleet. 1945-2000. - Minsk: "Harvest", 2001

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