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The firm's economic profit, which it seeks to maximize, is defined as the difference between total revenue TR and total costs TC. The total income is the revenue from the sale of all Q units of goods, which can be found by the formula: TR = p x Q In addition to the indicator of total income (total revenue), the indicator of average income (average revenue) AR is used, that is, revenue per unit of production, which is determined by the formula: AR = TR / Q It is found by the formula: MR = TR2-TR1/Q2-Q1

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break even point

It is obvious from the graph that it is expedient for the firm to operate within the limits of production volumes from Q1 to Q2, since outside this interval it incurs losses. The maximum income of the firm Pmax (P = TR - TS) is achieved with the volume Qopt

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The theory of marginal productivity of production factors and its practical significance

The average product of the i-th resource is the ratio of the volume of production q to the volume of use of this resource x1: APi = q/xi. This value does not say anything about how the output of the product will change with a change in the amount of costs. this resource. If the costs of the i-th resource have increased by a value, and as a result, the output of the product will increase by a value (with the costs of other resources unchanged), then the increase in output per unit of increase in the costs of this resource is determined by the ratio /. The limit of this ratio as tending to zero is called the marginal product.

Slide 7

Both the average and marginal product are not constant, they change with the change in the costs of all resources. The general pattern to which various industries are subject is called the law of diminishing marginal product: with an increase in the volume of costs of any resource at a constant level of costs of other resources, the marginal product of this resource decreases. What causes a decrease in marginal product? Let us imagine an enterprise well equipped with various equipment, having sufficient space for carrying out production process, provided with raw materials and various materials, but having a small number of workers. Against the background of other resources, labor is a kind of bottleneck, and, presumably, an additional worker will be used very rationally. Accordingly, the increase in production can be significant. If, while maintaining the previous levels of all other resources, the number of workers will be large, labor additional worker will no longer be so well provided with tools, mechanisms, he may have little space for work, etc. Under these conditions, attracting an additional worker will not cause a large increase in output. The more workers, the less the increase in output due to the involvement of an additional worker.

Slide 8

Similarly, the marginal product of any resource changes. The decrease in the marginal product is illustrated by the figure, which shows the graph production function assuming that only one factor is variable (labor). The dependence of the volume of the product on the cost of the resource is expressed by a concave (upward convex) function.

Slide 9

Firm profit: positive, negative, zero. Accounting and economic profit

Profit is the final financial result of the entrepreneurial activity of enterprises and in general view represents the difference between the price of products and their cost, and in total for the enterprise represents the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products and the cost of goods sold. How economic category profit reflects the net income generated in the sphere of material production in the process of entrepreneurial activity.

Slide 10

profit is an indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise; profit has a stimulating function, it is the main source of equity growth; profit is a source of social benefits for members of the labor collective; Profit is a source of income generation for budgets of various levels.

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Types of profit

In accordance with the financial statements of enterprises in form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”, the following types profits currently in use: Gross profit is determined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of goods or others and the total production cost of goods sold. Profit from sales - the difference between gross profit and selling and administrative expenses, if administrative expenses are recognized by the enterprise as expenses for ordinary activities.

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Profit (loss) before tax is determined as follows: the balance of operating and non-sales income and expenses are added (subtracted) to the profit from sales. Profit from ordinary activities is calculated by deducting income tax and other similar payments from profit before tax. The net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is determined taking into account the balance of extraordinary income and expenses.

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Accounting and economic profit

Accounting profit is the difference between total revenue and external costs. The latter include explicit, actual costs: wages, the cost of fuel, energy, auxiliary materials, interest, on loans, rent, depreciation, etc. economic theory and practice set of constant and variable costs referred to as business costs. The total business costs, together with the normal profit, constitute economic costs (costs). The difference between total revenue and economic costs is economic profit. Its presence is of interest to the manufacturer in this particular business area. At the same time, it encourages other firms to enter the field. This helps to expand the range of producers, increase supply and reduce the market price. The latter leads to a decrease, and possibly the disappearance of economic profit, which causes the outflow of a number of firms from this business area and attempts to penetrate them into other areas. A decrease in the number of producers will lead to a reduction in supply and, as a result, to an increase in market prices. Economic profit will become positive and will grow.

Slide 14

Profit maximization conditions under perfect and imperfect competition in the short and long run.

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Profit maximization conditions in the market of pure competition in the short run: P=AC=MC

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The equilibrium of a competitive firm is determined by the formula: P = MR = MC

Usage limit method is based on the conclusion that the total income of the firm reaches its maximum value when marginal revenue is marginal cost MR = MC. Marginal revenue is the income earned from selling an additional unit of output. Obviously, as long as MR > MC, total revenue increases with each additional unit sold, it reaches its maximum value at MR = MC, and then starts to decline.

Slide 17

Slide 18

Profit maximization conditions in the market of pure competition in the long run

Slide 19

Profit maximization under imperfect competition occurs under the condition that MR = MC< P

Slide 20

Analysis of the main profit theories

The theory of profit as income from economic resources(factors of production) lies in the fact that each factor of production brings its income or profit as the difference between gross factor income and the costs of maintaining, accumulating and operating factors of production. Thus, labor brings wages to its owner, land - rent, capital - interest, and entrepreneurship - profit. The compensatory or innovative theory of profit reduces profit to entrepreneurial income and considers it as a payment (compensation) to the entrepreneur for his entrepreneurial activity. At the same time, the entrepreneur receives normal or zero (average) profit as a payment for routine work associated with the management of the enterprise and economic or excess profit, which is compensation for the successful risk from the introduction of innovations.

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Monopoly profit theory defines profit as a consequence of insufficient competition or monopoly. That is, if there is one seller of goods on the market, then he will set such a price so as not only to cover all costs, but also to receive excess profits. The reason for such profits can be barriers to entry and exit from the industry: natural (positive economies of scale) and artificial (institutional restrictions, for example, licensing, trademarks, patents, copyrights, ownership of natural resources.

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Ways to increase profits:

expanding production and capturing a larger market share; reduction of production costs (production costs) through the introduction of innovations in production and management; reducing the level of tax burden by obtaining tax breaks and discounts or choice optimal mode tax regime; investment in development, including labor resources; implementation of new marketing strategies.

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Economic content of profitability. Profitability of production and profitability of products.

The rate of profit is the ratio of profit to production costs. Profitability is an indicator of the ratio of profit to the cost of fixed and working capital. Return on equity (ROC) - shows what percentage of profit falls on the ruble invested in fixed assets. ROS \u003d (Pr / OS) * 100% Pr - profit from core activities, thousand rubles. OS - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

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Product profitability, or cost recovery ratio (R products), is determined by the ratio of gross profit from product sales (Pr) to the amount of costs for products sold (Seb). Shows how much the company has a profit from each ruble spent in the production. R products = (Pr / Seb) * 100% Profitability of sales (turnover) is calculated by dividing the profit from the sale of products by the amount of revenue received (VTP). Characterizes the efficiency of production and commercial activities: how much profit the company has from the ruble of sales. R sales = (Pr / VTP) * 100%

Slide 25

Ways to increase profitability:

Reducing production costs by increasing labor productivity. Improving product quality without increasing resources. Increasing profits, etc.

slide 26

The financial results of the enterprise are characterized by the amount of profit received and the level of profitability. The greater the amount of profit and the level of profitability, the more efficiently the enterprise operates.

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Description of the presentation Presentation Profit and profitability final VershininDS by slides

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use As an economic category, profit reflects the net income created in the sphere of material production and performs a number of functions: 1. Profit characterizes the absolute economic effect (the result obtained as a result of the enterprise's activities); 2. It has a stimulating function, since it is both a financial result and financial resource enterprises; 3. Is one of the sources of formation of budgets of different levels (federal, regional, local);

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The total amount of profit received is called gross or balance sheet profit, sometimes it is called the profit of the current year. Gross profit consists of profit from the sale of products, from other sales, non-operating results. . rezvnerealproch. RPVALPPPP

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use marketable products. C i wholesale - wholesale price of the i-th product, rub. Ci is the total cost of the i-th product, rub. Vi is the sales volume of the i-th product, pcs. n i ii. RP VCVCVopt 11)()(

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use Profit from other sales is the profit from the sale of various property on the balance sheet of the enterprise (surplus raw materials, stocks, materials).

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The composition of non-operating profit (loss) includes: Fines, penalties, forfeits; Profit (losses) of previous years revealed in the reporting year; Income from revaluation of goods; Lack of material assets identified during the inventory; Costs for canceled orders; Uncompensated losses from fires, accidents, natural disasters, % on bank deposits, legal costs, etc.

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use When calculating income tax, benefits are taken into account that reduce the amount of gross profit for tax purposes. Benefits include: part of the profits used to finance cap. investments directed to the development of the production base of the enterprise and its social sphere; part of the profit used to finance environmental protection enterprises (no more than 30% of the required amount); part of the profits used for charitable purposes; part of the profits used to maintain educational institutions. The total amount of benefits cannot reduce income tax by more than 50% (Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The profit remaining after paying income tax and some obligatory payments is called net profit Accumulation fund Net profit Reserve fund Consumption fund

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The reserve fund of the enterprise is created in case of termination of the enterprise to cover accounts payable. It is mandatory for joint-stock companies and enterprises with foreign capital. As a rule, its size is for joint-stock companies: not less than 10%, and for other enterprises - no more than 25% of the authorized capital of the enterprise. At the same time, the amount of deductions to the reserve fund cannot exceed 50% of taxable profit.

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The accumulation fund is used for: financing the improvement of technology and organization of production; technical re-equipment and reconstruction current production; business expansions; development of new types of products, technologies; research and development; design and development and survey development; equipment upgrades; mechanization and automation of production.

1. Profit of the enterprise Essence, composition, use The consumption fund is used for: the maintenance of social facilities on the balance sheet of the enterprise; construction financing non-production purpose; holding recreational and cultural events; For financial incentives employees of the enterprise; bonuses for the creation, development, implementation new technology, performance of especially responsible tasks; providing financial assistance, etc.

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators The absolute amount of profit does not fully characterize the efficiency of the enterprise, because it does not take into account the resources spent. Profit compared with the resources expended is called profitability.

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators Profitability of production is the amount of gross profit received per ruble of fixed assets and fixed assets. P SHAFT - gross profit, rub. OF - fixed assets of the enterprise, rub. OS - working capital, rub. %100)(. OSOF P R VAL

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators Profitability of products or products P i real - profit from the sale of the i-th product, rub. C i is the total cost of the i-th product, rub. %100)(. i reali products prod C P R

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators Profitability of marketable products P real - profit from the sale of all products, rub. C i wholesale - wholesale price of the i-th product, rub. Ci is the total cost of the i-th product, rub. Vi is the sales volume of the i-th product, pcs. n i iin i ii oop n i iireal TP VC VCVV VC R 1 11 1)()()(%100)(

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators Profitability of property - gross (net) profit is compared with the value of the property of the enterprise according to the balance sheet. Profitability of sales - compares the profit from sales and revenue from the sale of products. Return on equity, long-term investments, borrowed capital.

2. Profitability. Essence and indicators Evaluation of profitability can be made through the balance sheet rate and the rate of net profit: In foreign practice, these indicators are called profit margin or commercial margin. The economic meaning of this indicator is specific gravity net profit in each ruble of turnover. %100 __)(sales volume net P NBP balance sheet G %100 __ sales volume net P NBPnet

3 Income tax.

The tax base is the monetary expression of profit subject to taxation. Income and expenses of the taxpayer are taken into account only in value terms. Profit subject to taxation is determined on an accrual basis from the beginning of the tax period. If in the reporting period the taxpayer received a loss, then the tax base of this period is recognized as equal to zero. Income received by the founder from property transferred to trust management is included in non-operating income, regardless of the actual transfer of income to the founder. Subject to taxation in general order. Losses of the previous tax period (periods) may reduce the tax base of the current period by the entire amount of the loss or by a part of this amount (loss carry forward). Losses can be carried forward for ten years following the tax period in which the loss was incurred (the amount of loss carried forward cannot exceed 30% of the tax base). If losses are incurred in more than one tax period, such losses are carried forward in the order in which they were incurred.

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General assessment financial condition the enterprise is achieved on the basis of such effective indicators as profit and profitability.

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Dependent indicators

The amount of profit, the level of profitability depend on the production, supply, marketing and commercial activities of the enterprise, in other words, these indicators characterize all aspects of management.

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Analysis of the formation and use of profit involves the following steps: 1. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit. 2. Analysis of financial results from ordinary activities. 3. Analysis of the level of average selling prices. 4. Analysis of financial results from other activities. 5. Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise. 6. Analysis of the distribution and use of profits.

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Information sources:

waybills for the shipment of products, data from analytical accounting on the sales account and the accounts “Profit and Loss”, “Retained Profit, Uncovered Loss”, form financial statements No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement", financial plan data.

Slide 7

The following profit indicators are used in the analysis: book profit, taxable profit, net profit.

Slide 8

balance sheet profit

includes profit from ordinary activities, financial results from operating and non-operating transactions and extraordinary circumstances. Balance sheet (basic) income = net profit (loss) for the reporting period attributable to the owner of ordinary shares / weighted average number of shares outstanding.

Slide 9

Taxable income

is the difference between the profit from ordinary activities and the amount of income tax credits. Profit before tax = profit from sales + the sum of operating and non-realized income minus expenses on these items.

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Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the composition of profit from ordinary activities, its structure, dynamics and the implementation of the plan for the reporting year. When studying the dynamics of profit, it is necessary to take into account inflationary factors in changing its amount. To do this, revenue must be adjusted for the average weighted increase in prices for the company's products on average for the industry, and the cost of goods, products (works, services) should be reduced by their increase as a result of an increase in prices for consumed resources over the analyzed period.

slide 12

Gross profit

is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services (minus VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments) and the cost of goods, products, works and services sold. The proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works and services are called income from ordinary activities. Costs for the production of goods, products, works and services are considered expenses for ordinary activities. Gross profit is calculated according to the formula where BP - sales proceeds; C - the cost of goods sold, products, works and services.