How many n write in word heat (n, n) th? How to - mad or mad? When to Write painted, and when - painted? If you periodically ask yourself these questions, then this article is for you.
One of the most mistaken places when choosing n or nn- suffixes of adjectives and participles. Let's start with them.
First of all, remember: adjectives can be formed from nouns or from, and therefore are divided into denominative and verbal, respectively. Spelling rules n, nn the adjectives of these two groups are different.
Н, НН in denominative adjectives.
To choose the correct spelling n or nn for denominative adjectives, it is desirable to find out from which particular noun they are formed and with the help of which suffix.
Two n written in denominative adjectives, which
- formed from words with a stem ending in n :
limo nn th limo n ),
old nn th(derived from the noun old n A).
Here is the scheme by which such adjectives are formed (there was already a letter at the end of the stem n, and when forming an adjective, one more was added - a suffix n):
According to this paragraph, they are written with two n and adjectives that are formed from heterogeneous nouns - those that end in the nominative case with – me. The fact is that in indirect cases and in the plural such words have the suffix EN- he closes the stem, from which, with the help of the suffix H an adjective is formed:
name - them e n a - name nn Ouch,
tribe - tribe e n a - tribe nn Ouch,
time - time e n a - time nn th,
flame - flame e n and - flame nn th and so on.
- have a suffix HE N or ENN:
lectures O nn th,
razors e nn th.
The exception is the word wind n th. By the way, this word ceases to be an exception when a prefix is added to it: in words tomorrow e nn th, no wind e nn th(and the like) in accordance with general rule spelled nn.
One n spelled if denominative adjectives have suffixes AN, YANG, YING:
sand A n th,
cloth I n th,
gooseAnd n th.
Exceptions here are the words glass nn th, tin nn th, tree nn th, in which two n.
Should remember writing adjectives:
These adjectives are written according to tradition. one or two n they usually explain in terms of their etymology, i.e. origin. Learn about the origin of adjectives authentic, spicy, boozy and other words of the Russian language can be found on the page.
H, HH in verbal adjectives.
Verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs: fried(from fry), knitted(from to knit), painted(from paint).
The suffixes of most of these adjectives are written one n :
smoother n oh underwear,
boiled n oh milk,
coche n ah grass.
Two n are written only in those verbal adjectives that have suffixes OVA, YOVA :
pavement ova nn th road,
aerated water ova nn oh water,
cream ova nn th tooth,
cramps Evenn th stump.
Verbal adjectives do not have dependent words and prefixes (except for the prefix Not, which, as you know, does not change the form of the verb and does not affect the spelling of one or two n in adjective suffixes: unkempt n oh laundry, not boiled n oh milk, nekoshe n th grass).
N, NN in participles.
Writing rule n, n concerns passive past participles with full suffixes NN, ENN, YONN:
did nn th,
saw cut enn th,
carried away yonn th.
These participles formed from perfective verbs- and this is their main difference from verbal adjectives, which, as we have already noted, are formed from imperfective verbs.
Participles can have prefixes (By painted floor) and dependent words ( painted yesterday floor), however, they can be non-prefixed and used without dependent words ( problem solved, things bought).
Two letters are written in full participles n:
heat nn th potato,
heat nn fried potatoes,
brooch nn th stone.
In short participles, one letter is written n:
roasted meat n O,
stones brooch n s,
solve problem n A.
You should remember the words in which the spelling n,nn traditional and not subject to the rule:
Compound adjectives with the prefix PER-.
Such words are found mostly in colloquial speech. They are formed by repetition, written with a hyphen and, despite the fact that in their second part there is a prefix RE-, in both parts one is written n:
smoother n oh-pereglazhe n oh dress,
burden n st-transfer n th jacket,
washing n re-washed n th things.
How to distinguish participles from verbal adjectives?
Both participles and verbal adjectives are formed from verbs, these words are similar to each other, and sometimes they do not differ at all in pronunciation. However, verbal adjectives are written with one n, and participles - with two. Therefore, in order not to make a spelling mistake, you need to learn to clearly distinguish between the words of these parts of speech.
View.
The main difference is the type of verbs from which participles or adjectives are formed. Let us recall once again: verbal adjectives are formed from imperfective verbs, participles - from perfective verbs:
knitted sweater- that is, a sweater that knitted (what they were doing?) - the word is formed from an imperfective verb and, therefore, is an adjective (which explains the spelling n).
decided question- that is, the question decided (what did they do?)- the word is formed from a perfective verb decide and therefore is communion(this is what explains the spelling nn).
Console.
Verbal adjectives do not have prefixes (except for the prefix NOT, which we have already mentioned). It turns out that the presence of a prefix is a sign of the sacrament and a reason to write in full form nn:
With elm nn th sweater,
behind heat nn oh meat.
IN short form participles, recall, you need to write one n:
sweaters With elm n s,
vegetables behind heat n s.
dependent words.
A verbal adjective can be turned into a participle by adding a dependent word (that is, the word to which we ask a question from the participle):
knitted sweater (knitted knitted mom sweater (knitted- participle),
fried potatoes (fried- verbal adjective) fried in oil potato (fried- participle).
Verbs to knit And fry, from which are formed in this case both adjectives and participles refer to the imperfect form - that is, they must form adjectives. However, there are no dependent words with adjectives. It turns out that, by attaching dependent words to itself, the verbal adjective automatically goes into the category of participles - with all the ensuing consequences (in its full form it is now written two n, in brief - one n).
Н, НН in nouns and adverbs.
Some nouns, as well as adverbs ending in -o, -e, were formed from adjectives or participles with n or nn. In such nouns and adverbs it is written as many n as in the words from which they are formed :
brought up nn ik(noun formed from participle brought up nn th),
brew n ik(the noun is formed from the verbal adjective brew n th),
fright nn O(adverb formed from participle fright nn th),
puta n O- (the adverb is formed from the verbal adjective puta n th).
In conclusion, another small list of words to remember - this time nouns:
Writing one or two letters "H" is the most difficult rule not only for sixth graders, but also for school graduates preparing for the exam.
This rule combines different parts of speech, and the conditions for writing letters are not at all similar. It is necessary to pay attention to the morphemic composition of the word, and to the way the word is formed, and even to its meaning. And how many exceptions! Therefore, we will learn to choose one or two letters "H".
Spelling Н and НН in different parts of speech
First step.
1. Determine the part of speech.
Let's say it's a noun...
2. Determine what the root of the word ends with.
We write NN
- if the root of the word ends in N, and the suffix begins with N: maliN-Nick, friendN-Nick, mosheN-Nick (but: workerNick!);
If the noun is formed from an adjective that has NN, or from participle: fog NN-awn (foggy), izbalova NN-awn (spoiled).
- if the noun is formed from an adjective that has H (including in the words of exceptions): Maslen-itsa (oily), gostIN-itsa (living room), hemp-ik (hemp), varEN-ik (boiled), windy-ik (windy), smart-awn (smart);
If the noun is formed from heterogeneous nouns (in MY: name, tribe, seed, etc.): nominal, tribal, seed;
Exception words deer, pork, sheep, carp, seals, etc. are written with one H, since they are formed from nouns with a base on H (root: deer, pig, ram, carp, seal, etc.).
More exceptions to the rule: young, crimson, spicy, reddish, ruddy, blue, green, dowry.
Step two.
Let's say it's an adjective...
formed from the name of a noun or adjective, then it is called nominal or denominative and is very different from the adjective that is formed from an imperfective verb.
We write NN
- if formed with the help of the suffixes ENN, ONN: triumph - solemn, revolution - revolutionary, healthy - healthy;
Exceptions to the rule: windy (but: windless!).
If the root of the word ends in N: soN - sleepy, desert - deserted, ham - ham.
And now about when it is written N:
- if the adjective is formed from nouns using the suffixes AN, YANG, YING: skin - leather, silver - silver, ant - ant;
Exceptions to the rule: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN.
If the adjective depends on the lexical meaning:
with the wind (windy weather, but a windy girl),
powered by the force of the wind (wind turbine, pump, windmill), but spreads as fast as the wind (chicken pox);
smeared, soaked or stained with oil (oily pancake, oily week, oily eyes, oily voice, oily bottle);
acting with oil, diluted with oil, designed for oil (butter cookies, oil paint, oil engine, oil bottle);
subjected to silvering, covered with silver (silver spoon);
made of silver (silver bowl);
Let's say it's an adjective...
formed from an imperfective verb.
Then N is always written in it: rabid (enrage) dog, boiled (boil) potatoes, sauerkraut (sour) cabbage, boiled (boil) water, smoked (smoke) fish, etc.
Exceptions to the rule: made (view), desired, slow, unseen, unexpected, not dreamy (eye), unexpected, unheard, unintentional, sacred, cutesy, swaggering, chased.
The adjectives felted (from felting) and felted (from felling) differ in writing a vowel before H, since the suffixes of the indefinite form of the verbs from which they are formed are different.
Adjectives with the prefix NOT, formed from imperfective verbs, are written with one H, since NOT, attached to the verb, does not change its form: unbleached ceiling, quicklime, untravelled road, unbaptized child, unpaved street.
In complex adjectives such as ironed-over-ironed, broken-broken, erased-over-washed, darned-darned in the second part, it is recommended to write one N, since the prefix PERE does not form a new word (participle), but only indicates a high degree of quality, called a complex adjective .
Compound adjectives such as plain-dyed, hot-rolled, gold-woven, gold-forged, little-drilled, little-burnt, finely crushed are written with one H; they are formed from a combination of adverbs (smoothly, hotly, little, a lot, etc.) and verbal adjectives that have H: smoothly + colored.
BUT: if an adverbial word is combined with an adjective formed from a prefixed verb, the compound adjective is written НН: smooth-colored (smooth + colored), freshly frozen, freshly cut.
Exceptions to the rule: named brother, planted father, intelligent child.
Step three.
LET'S TURN VERBAL ADJECTIVES INTO PARTICIPLES!!!
We write NN
- if there is OVANNY or ЁVANNY (that is, they have suffixes OVA-EVA): pampered, pickled, organized;
exceptions to the rule: chewed, pecked, forged, in which the combinations OB, EV are part of the root and only the suffix H is added to the stem of the verb;
in prefixed formations, NN is also written: horseshoe, unforged, pecked, chewed;
If there is a prefix other than NOT (unpainted floor, overcooked fish, gold-plated bracelet);
If there are dependent words (painted floor, fish fried in oil, mown slanting meadow).
Step four.
Let's say it's a passive participle...
It is always formed from a perfective verb. That is, it always has a prefix: fenced, resold, trampled!
If it is FULL, ALWAYS write HH!
The participle can also be formed from a non-prefixed verb: buy - purchased, quit - abandoned.
In participles, the suffixes OVA-EVA are often found, and then we also write NN!
They differ in the spelling of the participle from the prefixed formations of the verbs to weigh - to hang, to knead - to interfere, to roll - to swing.
From verbs to ET, IT, the participle requires the suffix ENN (hung, hung, hung, hung).
From verbs on AT, YAT, the participle requires the suffix HH.
The lexical meaning of the words should be kept in mind:
hang - close with a curtain (a tightly curtained window did not let in light);
hang - hang, put on something (hung door);
hang up - hang on the whole space (All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs);
hang - hang in large quantities (Various posters were hung in the corridors);
hang - hang from all sides, hang everywhere (Ships hung with multi-colored flags look festive);
hang up - hang in different places (In summer, well-hung linen dries quickly).
In a stable combination, the shot sparrow, the adjective is written with one N.
If the participle is SHORT, then write H!
The problem is solved, the floors are painted.
Can I ask questions by whom? what ?, to clearly prove that this is a short participle, and not a short adjective.
The territory near the new house has not yet been landscaped by residents (communion).
The territory near the new house was small, undeveloped (adjective).
The girl was musical and well-read (adjective).
The population was excited by the message on the radio (communion).
Mom is excited today (adjective).
The sea today is agitated by the wind (participle).
If the sentence contains adverbs formed from an adjective or participle, ask them questions from the verb: She excitedly walked around the room (how? walked - excitedly). As a rule, the same number of N is written in adverbs as in the word from which it is formed.
And now you can move on to practice!
1. With one letter n are written:
1). Adjectives with a non-derivative stem: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in these adjectives. The letter n is part of the root.
2). Derivative adjectives with the suffix -n: winter (from: winter), summer (from: summer).
3). Denominative adjectives with suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. with the meaning "name of material, substance"), and -in: mouse, sparrow (adj. with the meaning "belonging").
Exception:
wood, pewter, glass write with two letters nn.
4). Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: fried meat.
Exception:
Write with two letters nn words from the list:
given, swaggered, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, done, coy, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unintentional, unguessed
Do not confuse!
The exclusion list does not include words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consistent with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest,sworn brother.
5). Short masculine adjectives singular: advice is valuable - (m.p.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms, if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from the full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red.
7). Adverbs in -o and -e formed from single-letter adjectives n: windy, neat.
2. With two letters nn are written:
1). Definitive adjectives with the suffix -н, if the root of the noun ends in a letter n: autumn, spring, sleepy.
2). Derivative adjectives with suffixes -enn, -onn: literal, portioned.
Exception:
windy man, windmill, chicken pox, But windless day,lee side.
3). Verbal adjectives with the suffix -nn: uprooted area, defective thing.
Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + nn.
Write the suffix -nn in verbal adjectives formed from the generative stem with suffixes: -eva//-ova, -eva: uprooted←uproot, formed←form.
It's easier to remember like this: adjectives in yeva + nn + yy, ova + nn + yy, eva + nn + yy.
4). Exception adjectives:
Exception: wood, tin, glass write with two letters - nn .
Exception: the, swaggering, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, done, cutesy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, chased, cursed, unheard of, unprecedented, inadvertent, unexpected(see paragraph 5).
5). Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list of words for memorization in paragraph 5 along with other examples).
6). Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters nn(except for the m.s. singular form, in which there is always one letter n): the night is moonless, advice is valuable.
7). Adverbs in -o and -e formed from two-letter adjectives nn: sincerely, deliberately, calmly.
Number of letters n in suffixes of adjectives and participles varies depending on the semantics of the suffix and on the context.
H | HH |
||
rule | Example | rule | Example |
with one letter n adjectives are written that are not formed from other parts of speech | Yu n th | with two letters n adjectives formed from a noun with a base on -n with a suffix -n | limo nn th (limo n+n) wave nn th (wave n a+n) |
with one letter n -in-, -yan-, -en- | eagle in th | with two letters n adjectives with suffixes -enn- And -he N- | substances enn th |
with one letter n adjectives are written, formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes -n- And -en- and without dependent words. | cargo yon wagons heat en carp elm en th jacket | with two letters n Passive past participles are written with suffixes -nn- And -enn-(may have prefixes and dependent words). Console Not- does not affect spelling n And nn: nezva n th guests, unloaded yon wagons, unloaded enn wagons. | unload enn wagons, cargo yonn coal-fired wagons heat en oiled carp connection ann th jacket |
with two letters n adjectives and participles are written in -ovanny, -evanny. | rhymes ovann th |
||
with two letters n adjectives formed from perfective verbs (with or without prefixes) are written. | scattering nn th man |
||
with one letter n short forms of passive participles are written | Solve problem n A. His interests were limited n a narrow circle of everyday life. | with two letters n spelled short form one-root adjective | Their views were very limited nn s.(Synonyms - narrow, close; can be put in the creative case: views were limited nn s). |
In short adjectives n And nn written in full form | green herbs n s (green) | ||
One letter n written in word windy | wind en th day | two letters n | no wind enn th |
One letter n written in nouns formed with suffixes -hic- And -itsa, so much is written n how many there were in the sacrament or in the verbal adjective. | puta n itza | two letters n written with prefixes | ambassador nn ik(from ambassador nn th) elect nn ik people(from elect nn th) |
In adverbs to -O And -e so much is written n how many were in the adjective. | bechet n o rush (rage n th ride) wind n o (wind n th) | time nn o (time nn th) deliberation nn about (thinking nn th) spark nn e |
|
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