P the cognitive process that establishes an individual picture of the world is called perception. This property reflects the phenomenon or object intact only after the receptors are stimulated. One of the biological functions of the psyche is perception, which transforms and accepts data. Perception develops the inseparability of the reflection of the object, which initiates analysis through the compatibility of sensations.
Too sharp perception of life exhausts the nerves.
Natsume Soseki
Perception in psychology
Perception is more significant than the transmission of neural impulses to the intended areas of the brain. In order for an understanding and representation of an object to occur, a person must transmit sensory information to a certain part of the brain, namely, to feel.
The properties of perception in psychology are divided into 7 subgroups. They are:
- structure, constancy, meaningfulness, apperceptive, selectivity, attribution, objectivity.
Perceptual Properties
Perception properties are:
- Structurality - this subgroup is strongly associated with integrity, because the shape and color together reflect the object.
- Constancy (permanence) is the invariance of the shape and color of an object or phenomenon even under changed physical conditions.
- Meaningfulness (understanding) is a form of the human subconscious to distribute objects or phenomena into their inherent categories. Comprehension includes several subspecies:
Selection is a function that distinguishes the object of perception from the general flow of initial data.
An organization is a subgroup in which an object is identified by certain sets of properties.
Distribution of objects and phenomena subconsciously into categories. - Apperceptive is a function that affects the process of perception due to the acquisition of previous skills.
- Selectivity is a kind of perception that singles out certain objects or phenomena because of their advantages over others.
- Objectivity - personalities gain a full set of sensations that aggregate them into images.
- Attribution is a phenomenon when a person attributes some uncharacteristic features to himself or to another person. The definition interprets a person's behavior in terms of his intentions, actions, expressions of emotions, some qualities of the individual, which will later be attributed to the partner.
Properties of the image of perception
Perceptual properties fall into two categories:
- External:
Indicate the size.
Strengthening (both emotionally and physically).
Contrast (when there is a contradiction with the environment).
Move.
Periodicity.
Innovation and distinction. - Internal:
Adjustment of reception is the intention to see something that corresponds to past experience. Necessity and explanation is a function when a person is able to see what he considers important or necessary for him.
Experience is the perception of factors that a person has been taught in the past. I am a concept - the world is perceived only around itself. Personality traits - pessimists see the environment from a negative point of view, while optimists, on the contrary, see it in a favorable shade.
Selectivity of perception
Properties of perception in psychology distinguish three principles of perception selectivity:
- Resonance - the necessity and significance of the matched needs of a person is assimilated faster than unselected ones.
- Protection - that which hinders a person's expectations is much worse perceived.
- Alertness - something that can harm the psyche of a person, is recognized the fastest.
Examples of Perceptual Disorders
Illusion
The properties of perception in psychology can be erroneous, so to speak, this is a modified perception environment and items. Such a violation can be observed both in a mentally ill person and in a completely healthy person. The properties of perception in the psychology of illusions by a healthy person can be completely different. Physiological and physical deception, as well as the illusion of inattention, can occur in any person who does not have psychological health problems.
optical illusions
The main properties of the perception of illusions are:
- Illusions that are related to the laws of physics. For example, the properties of sensation and perception of an object that borders on a transparent medium. If you put a spoon in a jar of water, it will appear broken. This kind of visual illusion is called a mirage. The function of analysis is closely connected with physiological illusions. For example, if an overweight person is dressed in black clothes, then visually he will look slimmer than he actually is. Or take a small room, which is pasted over with wallpaper in light colors, it will seem more voluminous. The main properties of the perception of the illusion of inattention are excessive enthusiasm for literary composition, when a person with a healthy psyche does not notice typos and grammatical errors in the work. Visual deception, which is associated with a certain pathology of the mental state. It is divided into three subgroups:
- The main properties of the perception of an affective illusion are situations of an increased emotional state of a person, when an individual experiences strong fear, tension or excessive excitement, as well as a state of passion. For example, affective illusions can appear in any person who walks through the cemetery at night.
- Verbal (auditory) illusions may appear in an affective state or in a misunderstanding of the conversation of people around, when the patient perceives a neutral conversation as a threat to his own life. Insults, humiliations can be heard, even if no one uttered them. For example, a mentally ill person, even in an empty room, thinks that he is not alone and hears different voices.
- The properties of perception in psychology are pareidolic (in other words, near-shaped) illusions, they are closely related to the imagination of the individual, when he fixes his gaze on objects that have a fuzzy outline. If this kind of disorder is observed, it acquires a certain fictional character. For example, in the constant movement of clouds in the sky, a person can see portraits of saints, and in the drawings that are depicted on the wallpaper - various animals and unknown creatures. This kind of illusions appear due to a lack of tone of consciousness when the background of stay is intoxicated.
Perception- this is a holistic reflection of objects, situations, phenomena arising from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs.
Perception includes and is based on sensation, being the result of a synthesis of isolated sensations within one or more modalities.
A holistic reflection of images goes beyond isolated sensations, relying on the joint work of the senses. Only as a result of such a combination, isolated sensations turn into a holistic perception, move from the reflection of individual features to the reflection of entire objects and situations.
This synthesis can proceed both within one modality (for example, when we watch a movie, individual visual sensations are combined into whole images), and within several modalities (perceiving an orange, we actually combine visual, tactile, taste sensations).
Therefore, the main difference between perception and sensation is the objectivity of awareness of everything, a holistic display of the object.
physiological basis Perceptions are processes that take place in the sense organs, nerve fibers and the central nervous system. So, under the influence of stimuli in the endings of the nerves present in the sense organs, nervous excitation arises, which is transmitted along the conductive pathways to the nerve centers and, ultimately, to the cerebral cortex. Here it enters the projection (sensory) zones of the cortex, which are, as it were, the central projection of the nerve endings present in the sense organs. Depending on which organ the projection zone is associated with, certain sensory information is formed.
the mechanism described above is the mechanism for the emergence of sensations.
Therefore, sensations can be considered as a structural element of the perception process. Own physiological mechanisms of perception are included in the process of forming a holistic image at subsequent stages, when excitation from the projection zones is transmitted to the integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, where the formation of images of phenomena is completed. real world. Therefore, the integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, which complete the process of perception, are often called perceptual zones. Their function differs significantly from the functions of the projection zones.
in case of violation of the activity of integrative zones, people cease to understand human speech
or does not understand what he sees - in short, agnosias come.
The physiological basis of perception is further complicated by the fact that it is closely related to motor activity, with emotional experiences, various thought processes. Consequently, having begun in the sense organs, nervous excitations caused by external stimuli pass to the nerve centers, where they cover various zones of the cortex and interact with other nervous excitations. This entire network of excitations, interacting with each other and widely covering different areas of the cortex, constitutes the physiological basis of perception.
Since perception is closely related to sensation, it can be assumed that, like sensation, it is a reflex process. The reflex basis of perception was revealed by I.P. Pavlov. He showed that perception is based on conditioned reflexes, that is, temporary nerve connections formed in the cerebral cortex of the brain when objects or phenomena of the surrounding world act on the receptors. In this case, the latter act as complex stimuli, since during the processing of the excitation caused by them in the nuclei of the cortical sections of the analyzers, complex processes of analysis and synthesis proceed.
In addition to sensations, the process of perception involves previous experience, the processes of understanding what is perceived, i.e., the process of perception includes mental processes of an even higher level, such as memory and thinking. Perception is associated with identification, with understanding and comprehension of objects or phenomena, with their assignment to a certain category. Therefore, perception is very often called the human perceptual system.
Research by psychophysiologists shows that perception is a very complex process that requires the involvement of thought and memory processes. Namely: analytical and synthetic work (selection from the whole complex of influencing features of the main leading features (analysis); combining a group of basic essential features and comparing them with previous knowledge about the subject (synthesis and memory)). The process of perception always includes motor components (feeling objects and moving the eyes when perceiving specific objects; singing or pronouncing the corresponding sounds when perceiving speech).
Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the perception of familiar objects (a cup, a table), their recognition occurs very quickly; when perceiving new or unfamiliar objects, their recognition proceeds much more complicated and in more detailed forms. The complete perception of such objects arises as a result of complex analytic-synthetic work, in which some essential features are singled out, while others, insignificant ones, are inhibited. Then the perceived signs are combined into one meaningful whole. Therefore, the speed of recognition or reflection of an object of the real world is largely determined by how active the perception, as a process, is, i.e., how actively this object is reflected.
A huge role in perception is played by our desire to perceive this or that object, the consciousness of the need or obligation to perceive it, volitional efforts aimed at achieving a better perception, the persistence that we show in these cases. Thus, in the perception of the subject of the real world, attention and direction are involved. An interesting subject will be perceived by us more actively.
From a practical point of view, the main function of perception is to ensure the recognition of objects, i.e., their assignment to one category or another.
Different kinds perceptions have their own specific patterns. But there are general patterns of perception that are manifested in its properties: objectivity, integrity, structure, constancy, meaningfulness, apperception, activity(or selectivity).
Objectivity of perception - it is the ability to reflect objects and phenomena of the real world not in the form of a set of sensations that are not connected with each other, but in the form of individual objects. Objectivity is not an innate property of perception; it develops and improves in the process of ontogenesis, starting from the first year of a child's life.
The simplest form of understanding objects and phenomena is recognition. Here, perception is closely related to memory. To recognize an object means to perceive this object and correlate it with a previously formed image. Recognition can be generalized, when the object belongs to some general category, and differentiated, when the perceived object is identified with a previously perceived single object. This is a higher level of recognition. For this kind of recognition, it is necessary to highlight features specific to a given object, it will accept it. When recognizing, a person does not highlight all the features of an object, but uses its characteristic identification features. For the recognition of material objects, their contours, the combination of lines characteristic of a given object, are essential.
Integrity perception - a characteristic of perception, which lies in the fact that individual features of an object that are not actually perceived are nevertheless integrated into a holistic image of the perception of this object. Even in those cases when we perceive only some features of a familiar object, we mentally supplement the missing features and parts of this object.
Structurality perception is the ability to recognize various objects due to the stable structure of their features. In perception, the isolation of relationships, parts, sides of the subject is carried out. We perceive a generalized structure actually abstracted from sensations, which is formed over some time. For example, if a person listens to some melody, then the previously heard notes still continue to sound in his mind when information about the sound of a new note arrives. Usually, the listener understands the melody, i.e., perceives its structure as a whole.
constancy perception - the independence of the reflection of the objective qualities of objects (size, shape, color) from temporal conditions. The same objects are perceived by us in various changing conditions: under different illumination, from different points of view, from different distances. However, the objective qualities of the object are perceived by us unchanged. The color of chalk, even at dusk, will be white for us.
constancy perception - not a hereditary quality, it is formed in experience, in the learning process. In a study of the perception of people living in a dense forest who did not see objects at a great distance, it was found that they perceive them as small, not as distant. In some unusual conditions, the constancy of perception can be violated - aconstantity arises. So if we look down With high altitude
Selectivity in (activity) perception - the primary selection of the object from the background. Of the countless number of objects and phenomena that surround us, we single out at the moment only a few of them. It depends on what the activity of a person is aimed at, on his needs and interests.
A more clearly perceived object, to which perception is oriented, is subjectively interpreted as a "figure", and all other objects are perceived as its "background". The selection of an object from the background is carried out along its contour. The sharper, more contrast the contour of the object, the easier it is to select it. And vice versa, if the contours of the object are blurred, inscribed in the background lines, then the object is difficult to distinguish. It is easier to distinguish what is actually a separate object and is well known from past experience.
The perception of the whole is conditioned by the perception of its parts and properties, at the same time it itself affects their perception. The importance of the role of the perception of a part in the perception of the whole does not mean that in order to recognize an object, it is necessary to perceive all its parts. Much of what is in the object is not perceived at all, or is perceived indistinctly, but nevertheless we recognize the object.
This is because each object has characteristic, unique identifying features. The absence of precisely these features in perception prevents us from recognizing the object, while at the same time the absence of other, less significant features, in the presence of essential features in perception, does not prevent us from recognizing what we perceive.
The dependence of perception on the general content of our mental life is called apperception. features of perception are determined by all the practical and life experience of a person, since the process of perception is inseparable from activity.
Perceiving a number of unfamiliar figures, already in the first phases of perception, we try to find some standards with which we could characterize the perceived object. In the process of perception, in order to classify what you perceive, you will put forward and test hypotheses about the object's belonging to one or another category of objects.
A significant place in apperception is occupied by attitudes and emotions that can change the content of perception.
The phenomenon of erroneous (false) or distorted perception is called illusion of perception I . Illusions are observed in any kind of perception (visual, auditory, etc.). The nature of illusions is determined not only by subjective reasons, such as attitude, orientation, emotional attitude, etc., but also by physical factors and phenomena: illumination, position in space, etc.
The next property of perception is its meaningfulness. . Although perception arises from the direct action of a stimulus on the sense organs, perceptual images always have a certain semantic meaning. As we have already said, the perception of a person is closely connected with thinking. The connection between thinking and perception is primarily expressed in the fact that to consciously perceive an object means to mentally name it, that is, to attribute it to a certain group, class, to associate it with a certain word. Even when we see an unfamiliar object, we try to establish in it a resemblance to other objects. Therefore, perception is not determined simply by a set of stimuli affecting the senses, but is a constant search for the best interpretation of the available data.
Basic types of perception
One of the classifications of perception, as well as sensations, is based on differences in the analyzers involved in perception. In accordance with which sense organ (or which modality) plays a predominant role in perception, visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, olfactory and gustatory perception are distinguished.
Different types of perception are rarely found in their pure form. They are usually combined
The basis of another type of classification are the forms of existence of matter: space, time and motion. In accordance with this classification, space perception, time perception and motion perception are distinguished.
According to the degree of intentionality, it is customary to single out unintentional(or involuntary) and deliberate(arbitrary) perception. With unintentional perception, we are not guided by a pre-set goal or task - to perceive a given object. Perception is guided by external circumstances. Intentional perception, on the contrary, from the very beginning is regulated by the task - to perceive this or that object or phenomenon, to get acquainted with it.Our knowledge, interests, habitual attitudes, emotional attitude to what affects us, affect the process of perception. Since all people differ both in their interests and attitudes and in a number of other characteristics, we can argue that there are individual differences in perception.
Holistic, or synthetic , type of perception: in persons prone to it, the general impression of the object, the general content of perception, is most clearly represented, common features of what is perceived. People with this type of perception pay the least attention to details and details.
They capture the meaning of the whole more than the detailed content.
Persons with a different type of perception - detailing, or analytical, - on the contrary, they are prone to a clear selection of details and details. The object or phenomenon as a whole, the general meaning of what was perceived, fades into the background for them.
Descriptive types are limited to the factual side of what they see and hear. They do not try to explain to themselves the essence of the perceived phenomenon. Persons belonging to the explanatory type
They always try to explain what they see or hear. This type of behavior is more often combined with a holistic or synthetic type of perception.
The objective type of perception is characterized by strict correspondence to what is happening in reality. Persons with a subjective type of perception go beyond what is actually given to them, and bring a lot of themselves. Their perception is subject to a subjective attitude to what is perceived.
Types of perception (Stolyarenko "Fundamentals of Psychology"): perception of objects, time, perception of relationships, movements, space, perception of a person.
When describing the process of constructing an image of a perceived object, there are stimulus and activity paradigm (S. D. Smirnov). The stimulus paradigm considers the process of building an image as a reactive (reflex) process in which three stages can be distinguished:
1. Obtaining and selection of sensory sensations of various modalities from stimuli affecting the body.
2. The formation of a holistic image of an object from the sensations obtained in this way as a result of attaching to these sensations images of memory about the past impacts of this object on the sense organs of the same modality as the actual impact.
3. Application to the thus obtained sensory image of various methods of semantic processing (generalization, categorization, abstraction, etc.).
Thus, it is emphasized that influencing stimuli are the main factor in the emergence of mental images. But at any moment we experience a huge number of influences, but we do not “process” all the influences. The stimulus paradigm is opposed by the activity paradigm, according to which any mental image, except for sensation, has a truly active and not reactive nature. Stimulation of the sense organs does not serve as an impetus to the beginning of the construction of the image, but only as a means for checking, confirming, and, if necessary, correcting the perceptual hypotheses that are built by the subject. As long as there is no hypothesis (even if it is erroneous), the process of building an image cannot even begin. the image we see is nothing but our own perceptual hypothesis, tested by sensory data. According to the activity paradigm, a cognitive action occurs in response to a mismatch between the predicted events at the “sensory input” and what actually takes place or in response to the action taken by the subject himself, which should lead to a predictable change in sensory impressions.
Additionally : development in ontogeny. According to B. M. Teplov, the signs of object perception in a child begin to appear in early infancy (two to four months), when actions with objects begin to form. By five or six months, the child has an increase in cases of fixing the gaze on the object with which he operates. However, the development of perception does not stop there, but, on the contrary, is just beginning. So, according to A. V. Zaporozhets, the development of perception is carried out at a later age. During the transition from pre-preschool to preschool age, under the influence of play and constructive activities, children develop complex types of visual analysis and synthesis, including the ability to mentally divide the perceived object into parts in the visual field, examining each of these parts separately and then combining them into one whole.
In the process of teaching a child at school, the development of perception is actively taking place, which during this period goes through several stages. The first stage is associated with the formation of an adequate image of the object in the process of manipulating this object. At the next stage, children get acquainted with the spatial properties of objects with the help of hand and eye movements. At the next, higher stages of mental development, children acquire the ability quickly and without any external movements to recognize certain properties of perceived objects, to distinguish them from each other on the basis of these properties. Moreover, any actions or movements no longer take part in the process of perception.
One may ask what is the most important condition for the development of perception? This condition is work.
It is equally important for the child to participate in the game. During the game, the child expands not only his motor experience, but also his understanding of the objects around him.
Perception is the process of reflection in the mind of a person of objects and phenomena of the real world in their integrity, in the aggregate of their various properties and parts, and with their direct impact on the senses.
In the formation of perception, sensations, motor components, the life experience of the individual,
memory, thinking and speech, volitional efforts and attention, interests, goals and attitudes of a person.Perception arises on the basis of sensations, but it is not reduced to their simple sum (in such cases, the process is said to be non-additive). This is a qualitatively new, more complex mental process compared to sensation. Perception is aimed at recognizing the identification features of the perceived object and building its copy (model) in the mind. The result of perception is a holistic perceptual image of an object, and not its individual properties, information about which is given to a person by sensations. This, however, does not mean that all its small details are perceived together with the integral image of the object.
There are two models of image formation in the process of perception:
- stimulus, "purely" reflex, stating that the appearance of the image of an object is caused only by its reflection in the mind when stimuli are exposed to sensory channels;
- activity, which asserts that the image that a person perceives is not so much the result of the reaction of the psyche to stimuli, but rather the result of the subject’s continuous construction of perceptual hypotheses that are “counter” to the reflected environment (a person, using his experience, seems to foresee the main properties of the perceived object).
The complexity of studying perception as a cognitive process lies in the fact that of all the influencing signs in the human mind, only the leading ones are reflected, and the insignificant ones remain outside the perception. This is due not only to the features of the object, but also to the fact that it is in the object that is of interest to the individual, for what purpose the individual is involved in the process of perception, what are his preliminary attitudes towards perception.
Recognition of an object as one of the components of perception depends on a person's life experience, his knowledge about this object. For example, a familiar word can be restored (perceived) literally upon presentation of one or two of its constituent letters, while an unfamiliar one will require much more letters for this.
Perception sometimes requires concentration of attention on an object and certain volitional efforts. This is especially true for cases where the interest in the object of the individual is small or there is no awareness of the need to study the object. Of course, the study and recognition of an object through the process of perception cannot take place without the connection of memory and thinking. Indeed, in this case, complex processes of comparing the features of an object with the standards stored in the long-term memory of a person, mental analysis and synthesis of the system of these features and decision-making are carried out.
It is important that information for this comes simultaneously from many senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). In particular, a significant contribution to the formation of the image of a perceived object is made by motor components through the eyes, pronunciation of sounds, and palpation. The auditory analyzer helps in perception to navigate in the spatial position of the source of information.
Finally, the perceptual process extends to higher levels of mental activity, such as speech. After all, a person thinks ... in words. Highlighting the leading features of the perceived object, he discusses, designates them with a word.
Thus, perception is an ordered system of active perceptual actions, formed in the course of the life of an individual.
general characteristics
Perception is a reflection in the human mind of integral complexes of properties of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their direct impact at a given moment on the senses. Perception differs from sensations in that it reflects the entire set of properties of an object, and forms its integral image. Perception is based on the relationship of sensory and mental activity of the individual, is the result of the functioning of the system of analyzers. Primary analysis, which takes place in the receptors, is supplemented by the complex analytical and sensory activity of the brain sections of the analyzers.
Perception is based on two types of neural connections:
- formed within one analyzer;
- interanalyzer.
Thanks to the connections formed between analyzers, we reflect and perceive such properties of objects or phenomena for which there are no specially adapted analyzers (for example, the size of an object, specific gravity etc.).
perceptual system- a set of analyzers that provide this act of perception. In this case, one analyzer can be the leading one, and the rest can complement the perception of the object.
Perception and action. Perception is a kind of action aimed at examining the perceived object and creating its copy. Any perception includes a motor (motor) component that contributes to the isolation of an object from the surrounding background, in the form of palpation of an object, eye movement, and larynx movement. Therefore, the process of perception is considered as a perceptual activity of the subject.
Basic properties of perception
The main properties of perception as a cognitive mental process include: objectivity, which is expressed in the attribution of information obtained from outside world: integrity, reflecting the fact that perception is always a holistic image of an object, and not a reflection of its individual properties; structurality, manifested in the fact that a person perceives a generalized structure that is actually abstracted from sensations: the meaningfulness of perception, determined by understanding the essence of an object; constancy of perception - the relative constancy of images of objects, in particular, their shape, color. Values at change of conditions of perception; selectivity is manifested in the predominant allocation of individual objects and depends on the interests and attitudes of the individual.
Perception of time and movement, space. The perception of space includes the perception of the size, shape, relative position of objects, their topography, distance and direction.
The perception of time is a reflection of the duration and sequence of phenomena or events.
The perception of movements is a reflection of the direction and speed of the spatial existence of objects.Illusions of perception. Illusions are manifested in an inadequate reflection of the perceived object. The most studied are the illusory effects observed in the visual perception of two-dimensional contour images - the so-called "optical-geometric illusions", which consist in an apparent distortion of the relationship between image fragments (equal lines seem unequal, etc.). The phenomenon of brightness contrast belongs to another class of illusions (for example, a gray stripe on a light background seems darker than on a black one).
Which receive information from the outside world and transmit it to the brain for processing and understanding what a person sees, hears, smells or comes into contact with. Perception in psychology is already a mental process, which consists not so much in the analysis of information coming from the sense organs, but in the manifestation of one's own attitude towards it. The types of perception are distinguished, and its development in children is also considered.
In simple words, the Internet magazine site calls perception a subjective interpretation by a person of incoming information from the outside. A person does not so much look at something as evaluates whether he likes it or not. A person not only hears sounds, but experiences emotions that express his attitude to what he hears. A person does not so much feel as he analyzes whether he likes sensations or not.
In other words, perception is the attitude of a person to the information that comes to him through the senses. That is why all people live in the same world, only their attitude towards it is different.
Where does disappointment come from? You believed in something, hoped for something, dreamed, imagined. And then bang ... and everything turned out to be not what you saw. You are disappointed. And all why? Because you lived only what happened in your imagination. You have not seen reality as it is. If something good happened, then you rejoiced like a child, embellishing and giving colors to the event even more. If something bad happened, then clouds seemed to hang over you and a blizzard reigned.
Fairy tales are what little children believe in, and what adults do not stop believing in. Women dream of meeting their princes, who will consider them beautiful maidens when they are unkempt and ugly. Men think that they should be honored and respected only because they are men, warriors, strong people. But there are no knights on this planet. A man cannot love a woman who simply does not love herself enough to have a beautiful appearance. It is impossible to respect a person if he does not show pleasant qualities of character. When a man hits, it is impossible to respect him. There is fear, but it is not respect.
It should be understood that fairy tales are people's fantasies. But life is much more prosaic and simple than in fairy tales. Emotions are another aspect in a person's life that prevents him from taking a sober look at the world. Have you ever noticed how you made decisions based on emotions, and then reproached yourself for the wrong choice? You are happy or angry and make a decision that does not help you get out of this situation at all. People cheat on emotions, lie, deceive, kill, destroy. But if they could not pay attention to emotions, but soberly analyze the situation, then they would simply leave when they were no longer welcome, would not enter into an argument when they saw that a person stood his ground, would continue to behave good-naturedly, realizing that a person is afraid, therefore he fences himself off and hides something. Emotions close reality from the eyes of a person who is guided by only two concepts - good and bad, like and dislike.
How does a person who looks at the world around him without emotion, trying to see it, and not what he would like to see, think? He just looks at the real state of affairs and thinks: “What is appropriate and not appropriate? What do I want to achieve in this particular situation and how can I do this, given the circumstances that actually happen, in reality? On emotions, a person often embellishes, adds from himself. Fears and complexes are also involved in the process of creating a distorted picture of the world. For example, people are staring at you. If you are used to people around you being unhappy, then you will think that something is wrong with you. Although in reality people just look at you, and each of them has their own reasons, which can be both bad and good.
The lack of emotions and belief that life should be fabulous allows you to sober up, calm down, accept life as it is. Reality is neither cruel nor unfair. It's just not the way it is described in fairy tales. People can be hypocritical, lie or pretend. This is normal, as is the fact that there are people who sincerely behave with others. Life shouldn't be a fairy tale because it is what it is. And if you want to live in a fairy tale, you will be disappointed more than once in the world in which you live. But you must understand that fantastic stories are fiction, but a person lives in reality. A sober view of the world deprives you of disappointment. Therefore, if you do not want to suffer, then stop believing in fairy tales and get to know the world in which you actually live.
What is perception?
Perception is a mental activity that produces a result in the form of an image of a foreign object. Perception is not a process or an analysis of the surrounding world, but an already formed image, the end result, which takes into account knowledge, experience, desires, worldview, beliefs and other mental components of a person.
Perception features are:
- Structurality.
- Objectivity.
- Constancy.
- Integrity.
- Meaningfulness.
- Selectivity.
Perception is of great interest to psychologists, because thanks to the system that a person uses in evaluating the world around him, you can talk about how he will live and what he will end up with. The perception of situations, people, surrounding phenomena and objects dictates how a person will live, with what thoughts to go to his goals, what kind of friends he will surround himself with.
Perception is a subjective assessment of the surrounding world in which a person lives. How he treats him, he pays attention to that, with that he most often contacts, and lives in that.
A person often thinks in subjective judgments. Everyone sees objective reality the way no other person sees it. You see dirty sand on the seashore, and another person notices a wonderful resort base in this place, thanks to which you can earn a lot of money.
It has long been no secret that all people can see different things in the same phenomenon. This is called "subjective vision of objective reality." In other words, the world is one for everyone, but people themselves look at it through the prism of their own fears, judgments, desires, goals, habits, etc. Noticing a person lying on the side of the road, some will think that he is a homeless person, others are an alcoholic, and still others will generally help him, because they will think that he is in trouble. Although in reality everyone sees a person who lies on the side of the road.
Subjective vision makes you think that the way you see the world is true. A man walks towards you and smiles. Some may think that he wants to get acquainted, while others will immediately take him for a maniac who needs to be protected from.
Reality is the same for everyone, but each person gives it the color that is most beneficial to him. Someone sees the world in bright colors, and someone - in dark. Optimists enjoy life, while pessimists notice the bad side of everything. The world does not care what you think about it, how you interpret what is happening, because it will act according to the laws that exist in it, regardless of your thoughts.
You have been given a choice: to continue to look at the world through your own “pink” or “gray” glasses to notice only the good or only the bad, or still open your eyes and look at it in reality. You see a person on the side of the road, not a bum or an alcoholic. No need to figure out who he is, how he got here, what he needs. From your thoughts-guesses the reality will not change.
The quality of your life depends only on your choice, to walk “with glasses” or to look at the world with a sober look. After all, at every step you have to make a choice. Depending on how you look at a particular situation, you make one or another decision. If you look through the prism of your "glasses", then you give in to your own fears, complexes, desires. And if you objectively look at the world, then you make a decision that is really beneficial for you.
For example, you are offered a promotion, which will entail an increase in the number of working hours. Being in the "points", you will succumb to the desire to receive more money, so you will agree to a raise without hesitation. However, after that, you will face the discontent of your family: now you can only be seen at home at night. Looking at the situation objectively, you will think about what is more important for you: to get a lot of money, but at the same time not to see your family, or to spend time with your loved one and children, but stay in your previous position with a salary that allows you to satisfy your immediate needs?
Looking at the world objectively, there is a chance to choose exactly what is convenient for you, and not your fears, desires, complexes or stereotypes that the media and society have “introduced” into you. You choose on your own, and not under the pressure of any factors.
Choose and remember that the world doesn't care how you look at it. However, the quality of your life will depend on how you look at the world around you.
The world is the same for all people. Everyone perceives it through the senses. However, the picture of this world that will form in the head of an individual will depend on how he reacts to the information received, what assessment he puts.
Types of perception
They share the following types of perception:
- Deliberate. A person deliberately turns his gaze to a certain object in order to study it or use it in his activities.
- Unintentional. A person does not have a goal to perceive the world around him, therefore objects and phenomena that surround him randomly fall into his field of vision.
Observation is one of the types of perception. Here, a person looks at the world without judgment with the aim of a sober look at it. If a person wants to understand what is really happening in the world, then you just need to observe him, not evaluate, fully perceive and study. By the way, this way of observation is possessed by children who do not yet evaluate, but simply look at what surrounds them and how people behave.
By modality, perception is:
- Visual - when information is perceived by the eyes and a visual image is formed.
- Auditory - when information is perceived by the ears.
- Tactile - when information is perceived tactilely.
- Olfactory - when information enters through the nose.
- Taste - when information enters through the receptors in the mouth.
More complex forms of perception are:
- Perception of space - when a person understands what shape, color and size an object is, which is provided by receiving information through several senses.
- The perception of time has not yet been studied.
- The perception of movement is provided by the organs of vision, which notice a change in an object in space.
How does a person perceive environmental information? The following factors influence this:
- The situation in which it is perceived. In a favorable environment, a person is more calm and positive about information than in an unfavorable one.
- Depth of understanding. How better man understands the essence of the situation, the easier he perceives it, does not dramatize.
- Characteristics of the phenomenon or object that a person perceives.
- Stereotypes - when a person perceives an object the way other people perceive it, who have already expressed their attitude and set the person in a certain way.
- Purity of information. A person understands more when information is given directly and undistorted. If the information is distorted, then it is difficult to understand.
The perception of man by man
The perception of a person by a person initially occurs at the level of evaluation of his external data. First, a person is met by his clothes, appearance and state of external health. And here there are several ways of perception:
- When a person is outwardly beautiful, it seems that he is always in good mood, which is misleading.
- If a person resembles another person in some way, then the qualities of the one he resembles are attributed to him.
- Evaluation of a person occurs at the level of individual elements of his appearance. Each glance indicates the presence of a person certain warehouse character.
- The assessment of a person is based on social level when his clothes and attributes are judged. So, torn pants will suggest that a person is poor, and a business suit - about intelligence.
Often people do not even come into contact with each other, and already according to external data they understand for themselves whether they will continue to communicate or not. Often, the external assessment does not coincide with the attitude that arises towards a person in the process of communicating with him and recognizing him. However, there are situations when the first impression coincides with the subsequent evaluation.
Outcome
Perception plays an important role in a person's life, because based on what assessments a person puts out to the world around him, he treats it this way, creates a certain emotional background and forms goals, which he then begins to strive for.
Perception
Perception, perception(from lat. perception) is a cognitive process that forms a subjective picture of the world. This is a mental process, which consists in the reflection of an object or phenomenon as a whole with its direct impact on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs. Perception is one of the biological mental functions that determine the complex process of receiving and converting information received with the help of the sense organs that form a subjective holistic image of an object that affects the analyzers through a set of sensations initiated by this object. As a form of sensory reflection of an object, perception includes the detection of the object as a whole, the distinction of individual features in the object, the allocation of informative content in it that is adequate to the purpose of the action, the formation of a sensory image.
Perception is much more than the transmission of neural impulses by the nervous system to certain areas of the brain. Perception also involves the subject's awareness of the very fact of stimulation and certain ideas about it, and for this to happen, it is first necessary to feel the "input" of sensory information, that is, to experience a sensation. In other words, perception is the process of comprehending the stimulation of sensory receptors. There is reason to look at perception as a task, which consists in focusing on sensory input, analysis and interpretation in order to create a meaningful representation of the world around us.
Perceptual Properties
- Objectivity - objects are perceived not as an incoherent set of sensations, but as images that make up specific objects.
- Structurality - the object is perceived by consciousness already as a modeled structure abstracted from sensations.
- Apperceptivity - perception is influenced by the general content of the human psyche.
- Constancy - the constancy of perception of the same distal object when the proximal stimulus changes.
- Selectivity - the preferential selection of some objects in comparison with others.
- Meaningfulness - the object is consciously perceived, mentally called (associated with a certain category), belongs to a certain class
- Selection - selection of the object of perception from the information flow
- Organization - an object is identified by a set of features
- Categorizing and attributing to an object the properties of objects of this class
Constancy of perception
Constancy - the constancy of perception of the same distal object when the proximal stimulus changes, the ability to recognize the same object based on different sensory information (sensations). Perceived in different circumstances and conditions, the object is considered as one and the same. So, the brightness of an object as a quantity characterizing the reflected light changes if you move it from a dimly lit room to a room with good lighting. Nevertheless, when the proximal stimulus information changes, the object is considered as the same in both cases. You can highlight the constancy of such object properties as size, shape, brightness, color. The shape perception constancy is studied on an apparatus, the main elements of which are a standard square (with a side of 10 cm) and a measuring rectangle (10 cm wide). The standard square is always inclined towards the observer in the experiment, and the plane of the measuring rectangle must be perpendicular to the subject's line of sight. The height of the measuring rectangle can be changed by the subject using a special button. The subject is asked to choose the height of the measuring rectangle so that it has the same apparent shape as the tilted reference square. In the experiment, the slope of the reference square varies (25°, 30°, 35° and 40°). For each value of the inclination of the standard, the subject trims the height of the meter four times. Thus, data are obtained for calculating the constancy coefficient. Perception constancy is measured by the constancy coefficient according to the Brunswick-Thouless formula:
where is the height of the measuring rectangle, which was set by the subject in an effort to trim the visible forms of the measuring device and the standard, is the height of the standard square, where is the angle of inclination of the standard square.
The constancy of shape perception in experiments with inversion of the field of view using an invertoscope drops to zero, and in the process of adaptation it is restored, reaching the pre-experimental level. Experiments with inversion of the human visual field are carried out to study the mechanisms of constancy of visual perception.
One of the explanations for the constancy of perception is based on the distinction between perception and sensitivity (sensation). The perception of the actual properties of objects is a subjective mental process that connects sensations (sensory experience) of the properties of an object with other stimulus information.
An example of the Ponzo illusion. Both horizontal lines are the same size.
So the property of the size of an object is associated with the distance to the object, the brightness of the object is associated with illumination. The subjective mental process of perception, which allows a person to recognize an object as the same even if it is located at a different distance from it (the object in this case has a different angular size - if it is at a large distance - a small angular size, if at a small distance - a large angular size) in some cases is accompanied by a "regression to real objects". Optical illusions are an example of regression to real objects as a consequence of the constancy of perception. Thus, the Ponzo illusion shows how the regression carried out by perception to real objects that are located in the three-dimensional world, in the case of a two-dimensional object - a drawing - makes a person perceive a horizontal segment at the converging ends of the vertical lines as longer than the segment located at the divergent ends of the same vertical lines, as if the latter is located "closer" to the observer.
Perception factors
External
- Size
- Intensity (physically or emotionally)
- Contrast (contradiction with the environment)
- Movement
- Repeatability
- Novelty and recognition
Internal
A perceptual set is the expectation to see what should be seen from past experience. Needs and motivation - a person sees what he needs or what he considers important.
Having received an image, a person (or other subject) produces definition of the situation, that is, evaluates it, after which it makes a decision about its behavior.
Perception in zoopsychology
Perception is inherent mainly in higher living beings; in weak forms, which allow us to speak only of the rudiments of perception, something similar can be found in beings of the middle stages of evolution.
The mechanisms of social perception include: reflection, identification, causal attribution.
Perceptual Effects
Social perception has some special manifestations of perceptual inaccuracies called laws, effects, or perceptual errors.
- Effects of stereotyping:
- Halo effect (halo effect, halo or horn effect) - a general favorable or unfavorable opinion about a person is transferred to his unknown features.
- Sequence Effects:
- The effect of primacy (the effect of the first impression, the effect of acquaintance) - the first information is overestimated in relation to the next.
- The effect of novelty - new information about the unexpected behavior of a well-known, close person is given more importance than all the information received about him earlier.
- Role effect - behavior determined by role functions is taken as a personality trait.
- The effect of presence - the better a person owns something, the better he does it in front of others than in solitude.
- Advance effect - the lack of previously attributed non-existent virtues leads to disappointment.
- The effect of condescension - the leader exaggerates the positive features of his subordinates and underestimates the negative ones (typical for a leader of a conniving and, to some extent, democratic style).
- The effect of hyper exactingness - the head exaggerates the negative traits of subordinates and underestimates the positive ones (typical for an authoritarian style leader).
- The effect of physiognomic reduction - a conclusion about the presence of a psychological characteristic is made on the basis of appearance features.
- Beauty effect - more positive traits are attributed to a more attractive person.
- The effect of expectation - expecting a certain reaction from a person, we provoke him to it.
- Intra-group favoritism - "their own" seem better.
- The effect of negative asymmetry of initial self-esteem - over time there is a tendency towards the opposite intra-group favoritism.
- Presumption of reciprocity - a person believes that the "other" treats him the way he treats the "other".
- The phenomenon of the assumption of similarity - a person believes that "their" relate to other people in the same way as he does.
- Projection effect - a person comes from the fact that others have the same qualities as him.
- The phenomenon of ignoring the informational value of what did not happen - information about what could have happened, but did not happen, is ignored.
Attribution
Attribution - attributing characteristics to oneself or another person.
Impression
Impression formation
Impression formation - the process of creating one's impressions of others.
Impressions are:
- patterns of behavior
- Abstraction
Experience Management
Experience Management - behavior aimed at shaping and controlling the impression of others about oneself.
Impression management tactics:
- Strengthening your own position
- Strengthening the position of the interlocutor
self-presentation - behavior aimed at creating a favorable or corresponding to someone's ideals impression of oneself.
According to Gordon's 1996 study, the success rate of impression management tactics is distributed as follows:
- Presenting the interlocutor in the best light
- Agree with the opinion of the interlocutor.
- self-presentation
- Combination 1-3
- Provision of services
Literature
- Organizational behavior / Gromova O.N., Latfullin G.R. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2008. - 432 p. - ISBN 978-5-91180-873-0
- K. Pribram. Brain languages. Experimental paradoxes and principles of neuropsychology / A.R. Luria .. - M .: Progress, 1975. - 464 p.
Notes
see also
Links
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